Home  |  Contact  

Email:

Password:

Sign Up Now!

Forgot your password?

DESENMASCARANDO LAS FALSAS DOCTRINAS
 
What’s New
  Join Now
  Message Board 
  Image Gallery 
 Files and Documents 
 Polls and Test 
  Member List
 YHWH (DIOS PADRE) EL UNICO DIOS 
 JESUCRISTO NUESTRO MESIAS JUDIO 
 LOS DIEZ MANDAMIENTOS DE LA BIBLIA 
 MEJORE SU CARACTER Y SU VIDA 
 YOU TUBE-MAOR BA OLAM-LINKS 
 YOU TUBE-MAOR BA OLAM-LINKS II 
 BIBLIAS/CONCORDANCIA/LIBROS 
 MAYOR ENEMIGO DEL HOMBRE ES UNO MISMO 
 ¿LA TORA ES MACHISTA? -MENSAJE ESOTERICO Y EXOTERICO 
 ¿ES INMORTAL EL ALMA?- FALACIA DE LA ENCARNACION Y REENCARNACION 
 EL ISLAM TIENE ORIGEN UNITARIO ADOPCIONISTA 
 ANTIGUO TESTAMENTO-ESTUDIO POR VERSICULOS 
 NUEVO TESTAMENTO-ESTUDIOS POR VERSICULOS 
 NUEVO TESTAMENTO II-ESTUDIOS POR VERSICULOS 
 NUEVO TESTAMENTO III-ESTUDIOS POR VERSICULOS 
 CRISTO NO TUVO PREEXISTENCIA 
 ¿QUE ES EL ESPIRITU SANTO? 
 
 
  Tools
 
INFORMATICA (INTERNET): CALVINISM SWITZERLAND GENEVE BANK SECRECY INTERNET WORLD WIDE WEB CERN CALVIN
Choose another message board
Previous subject  Next subject
Reply  Message 1 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999  (Original message) Sent: 03/09/2024 02:44

“Banking secrecy has its roots in Calvinism”

 Calvin's influence spread well beyond Geneva RDB

Today's Switzerland - and its cherished bank secrecy - still reflect the influence of church reformer Jean Calvin, an economic think tank director tells swissinfo.

Xavier Comtesse, who heads the western Swiss branch of Avenir Suisse, says Calvin stood for morality in the granting of credit, but also for protection of the personal sphere.

This year marks the 500th birthday of the religious reformer whose ideas shaped the Protestant Church. In his honour Protestant denominations have designated 2009 Calvin Year.

Calvin, who spent much of his time working in Geneva, not only influenced democracy in Switzerland but modern-day thinking on both moral and financial matters, Comtesse believes.

swissinfo: What is the basis of Calvin’s Protestantism?

Xavier Comtesse: It is based on the Bible written in the language of the people, on the separation of church and state, and on the understanding that the grassroots faithful – who fund the community – choose their own priests.

This Calvinist form of institutional organisation has also over time had an influence on non-religious areas of the Swiss mentality. All state institutions remain separate from religious ones, and bottom up participation in political decisions continues from communal to national level.

Both lead to an emancipation of the people, an ’empowerment’, as we say today.

swissinfo: What would Switzerland look like today without Calvin?

X.C.: I don’t think we’d have direct democracy without this popular emancipation that was spurred on by Calvin. We would probably be a republic [with an elected president], like our neighbours. Of course when talking about German-speaking Switzerland we should mention [Zurich reformer Huldrych] Zwingli just as much as Calvin.

This communication from community organisations up to the highest state level is typical for us Swiss.

swissinfo: To what extent was Geneva more significant than Zurich?

X.C.: In those days French-speaking Switzerland did not exist. Geneva was the place to be – across the whole country. Basel was worth considering, but Zurich wasn’t. Neither was Bern nor Lausanne.

That is also why Calvin is rated so much more important internationally than Zwingli. Even in the post-Napoleonic period Zurich was smaller than Geneva both in the number of inhabitants and economically.

swissinfo: How did Calvin stamp the mark of the Reformation and the image of Switzerland on the world?

X.C.: I know most about his influence on the United States. There Calvinism is very pronounced with around 15 million Calvinists – called Presbyterians in Anglo-Saxon countries.

There are also communities in Scotland and South Korea. Worldwide there are said to be around 50 million Presbyterians. But there are very few of them in Switzerland.

swissinfo: What was Calvin’s influence on the economy and banking?

X.C.: As a reaction to the papal selling of indulgences as a mean of raising money for Rome, Calvin was one of the first church leaders to permit the granting of loans with interest – albeit tied to high moral standards.

That forged a link with the present: extortionate interest didn’t come into question, therefore the loans had to be cheap. As in religion and politics, the thinking behind this banking was to protect the citizen through high moral standards.

Also considered worth protecting by Protestantism was the personal sphere. Add this to being able to bank and you get banking secrecy.

swissinfo: Historically banking secrecy was meant to protect citizens from state interference.

X.C.: Exactly. And that’s why there are many misunderstandings concerning the term. The description ‘banking secrecy’ is actually incorrect – ‘protection of the private sphere by the bank’ would be more appropriate.

Such legal protection is not unique to Switzerland. In France for example a wife has no right to any information about her husband’s bank account – French legal law considers that his private sphere.

We Swiss simply go one step further. We protect against any state despotism. This way of thinking has historical roots in Protestantism, which in Calvin’s time sought to protect the people against the despotism of the powerful Catholic Church.

swissinfo: What remains from these Calvinist ethics today – bearing in mind the drama playing out in the world of banking and finance?

X.C.: At the moment we’re in a moral crisis. As a result we’ll soon have to grapple more with social responsibility.

That will be a form of secular Calvinism with new, still moral, but no longer religious characteristics. Regarding quality for example – new ISO standards in the area of quality attempt to rectify deficits in the area of responsibility.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is based in Geneva – like many other international institutions. This is also part of Calvin’s legacy.

Another ‘Geneva’ institution is the World Wide Web – invented at Cern. This also works ‘Calvinistically’ insofar as it enables direct access to information to the population, or rather the user.

Until now, powerful intermediaries were needed for this access. The internet has reformed access to the markets – similar to Calvin’s reformation of direct access to God.

swissinfo-interview: Alexander Künzle

https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/banking-fintech/banking-secrecy-has-its-roots-in-calvinism/996110


First  Previous  2 to 15 of 15  Next   Last  
Reply  Message 3 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 04/09/2024 19:29

Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989, while working at CERN. The web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automated information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the world.

home.cern,AcceleratorsScreenshot of the recreated page of the first website (Image: CERN)

The first website at CERN – and in the world – was dedicated to the World Wide Web project itself and was hosted on Berners-Lee's NeXT computer. In 2013, CERN launched a project to restore this first ever websiteinfo.cern.ch.

On 30 April 1993, CERN put the World Wide Web software in the public domain. Later, CERN made a release available with an open licence, a more sure way to maximise its dissemination. These actions allowed the web to flourish.

https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web

Reply  Message 4 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 04/09/2024 19:38
John 1:1 Inspirational Image

Reply  Message 5 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 04/09/2024 20:40

Temple de la Madeleine Church - Geneva, Switzerland

Temple de la Madeleine Church - Geneva, Switzerland

Madeleine Church, Geneva, Switzerland. The Temple de la Madeleine Madeleine Church is located in the foot of the Old Town of Geneva, Switzerland
 
 

Madeleine Church, Geneva, Switzerland. The Temple de la Madeleine Madeleine Church is located in the foot of the Old Town of Geneva, Switzerland

SAINT MICHAEL (SEPTEMBER 29TH)=VATICAN (ANGELS AND DEMONDS)=ENRICO FERMI=CERN
35
BARILOCHENSE6999 04/09/2024 17:09
CERN=APOLLO 11=VENICE=MARY MAGDALENE=LINE OF SAINT MICHAEL ARCHANGEL=DAVINCI COD
20
BARILOCHENSE6999 04/09/2024 17:08
TIM BERNERS-LEE BRITISH SCIENTIST, INVENTED THE WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) 1989 CERN
4
BARILOCHENSE6999 04/09/2024 16:53
CERN=EUGENE CERN-AN (APOLLO 11-17)=666= APOCALIPSIS 9:11=SISTEMA SEXAGECIMAL
136
BARILOCHENSE6999 04/09/2024 16:42
CALVINISM SWITZERLAND GENEVE BANK SECRECY INTERNET WORLD WIDE WEB CERN CALVIN
3
BARILOCHENSE6999 04/09/2024 16:38
CERN=EUGENE CERN-AN (APOLLO 11-17)=666= APOCALIPSIS 9:11=SISTEMA SEXAGECIMAL
1
BARILOCHENSE6999 03/09/2024 00:11
CALVINISM SWITZERLAND GENEVE BANK SECRECY INTERNET WORLD WIDE WEB CERN CALVIN
1
BARILOCHENSE6999 03/09/2024 00:04
CALVINISM SWITZERLAND GENEVE BANK SECRECY INTERNET WORLD WIDE WEB CERN CALVIN
1
BARILOCHENSE6999 02/09/2024 23:46
INDIA S SECRET SPACE TRAVEL MISSION VIMANA TECHNOLOGY CERN
28
BARILOCHENSE6999 25/08/2024 19:50
INDIA S SECRET SPACE TRAVEL MISSION VIMANA TECHNOLOGY CERN
34
BARILOCHENSE6999 25/08/2024 19:49
ANGELS AND DEMONS IN 17 MINUTES OR LESS DAN BROWN ROME CERN HOLY GRAIL
16
BARILOCHENSE6999 09/08/2024 15:11
GEMINI 9 (JUNE 3-6, 1966 EUGENE CERNAN/CERN) FIRST "SPACE WALKER"·
2
BARILOCHENSE6999 17/07/2024 12:59
APOLLO 10 MAY 18-26 1969 APOLLO 17 EUGENE CERNAN CERN
2
BARILOCHENSE6999 17/07/2024 12:59
¿EUGENE CERNAN "VIAJO EN EL TIEMPO"? - NEXO 3.14=PI=TIERRA REDONDA=APOLO 17
124
BARILOCHENSE6999 17/07/2024 12:59
ARE YOU CON-CERN-ED? THE CERN HADRON COLLIDER
148
BARILOCHENSE6999 17/07/2024 12:58
HIGHLIGHTS OF ANCIENT RAMAPPA TEMPLE TELANGANA CERN ISHTAR
12
BARILOCHENSE6999 17/07/2024 12:57
APOCALIPSIS 12=CERN=ISIS-HORUS-SET=FRANCOMASONERIA/PENTAGONO/MANZANA
90
BARILOCHENSE6999 17/07/2024 12:56
ACELERADOR DE PARTICULAS (CERN)=JANUKAH / J-ANUK-AH=CRUZ ANK=BEBE
119
BARILOCHENSE6999 05/06/2024 11:53
CERN-12 ESTADOS FUNDADORES-NEXO SANTA CENA
42
BARILOCHENSE6999 05/06/2024 11:53
ONU=33=CERN (TREINTA Y TRES)/(HECHOS 12:12 =33=JUAN MARCOS)
60
BARILOCHENSE6999 05/06/2024 11:53
LECTURA DE LA MISA EN EL DIA DE SAN MIGUEL ARCANGEL-NEXO CERN-29/9
80
BARILOCHENSE6999 05/06/2024 11:51
CERN FUE FUNDADO EN EL MISMO DIA DE SAN MIGUEL ARCANGEL (SAN JORGE/GIORGIO)
82
BARILOCHENSE6999 05/06/2024 11:51
CERN An Orion Stargate? | LOC and SPS Have An Undeniable Connection to Mercury
40
BARILOCHENSE6999 23/05/2024 11:40
CERN THE MESSAGE (MAGDELAYNA S APOLLO MIX)
3
BARILOCHENSE6999 03/12/2023 00:40
ANGELS AND DEMONS IN 17 MINUTES OR LESS DAN BROWN ROME CERN HOLY GRAIL
2
BARILOCHENSE6999 25/11/2023 21:50
ANGELS AND DEMONS IN 17 MINUTES OR LESS DAN BROWN ROME CERN HOLY GRAIL
2
BARILOCHENSE6999 25/11/2023 21:50
ANGELS AND DEMONS IN 17 MINUTES OR LESS DAN BROWN ROME CERN HOLY GRAIL
1
BARILOCHENSE6999 12/11/2023 16:15
SPIDER CERN TELANGANA INDIA
1
BARILOCHENSE6999 09/10/2023 16:58
IS ANTIGRAVITY REAL? (CERN, AREA 51)
11
BARILOCHENSE6999 05/10/2023 16:47
CERN ON THE DESKTOP ELECTROMAGNETIC RING ACCELERATOR
2
BARILOCHENSE6999 26/09/2023 14:54
JAINISM VIMANA FLYING MACHINES FLYING SAUCERS RANAKPUR TIRUMALAI CERN
4
BARILOCHENSE6999 22/09/2023 15:10
JAINISM VIMANA FLYING MACHINES FLYING SAUCERS RANAKPUR TIRUMALAI CERN
3
BARILOCHENSE6999 22/09/2023 15:10

Reply  Message 6 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 04/09/2024 20:57
Thanks to Catholicism ♥ — Mary & the EU Flag — Our Lady's Crown
The "Virgin Mary" Euro Flag
264,675 Europe Flag Stock Photos - Free & Royalty-Free Stock Photos from  Dreamstime
163,867 European Flag Stock Photos - Free & Royalty-Free Stock Photos from  Dreamstime
The "Virgin Mary" Euro Flag
Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal and the flag of the European Union  #AnecdotesVF - FAMVIN NewsEN
Comparing Extraterritoriality in the EU - Transnational Litigation Blog
Sacred Geography Enclosed in the Idea of the Apollo-Saint Michael Axis |  ARCHAEOTRAVEL
Sacred Geography Enclosed in the Idea of the Apollo-Saint Michael Axis |  ARCHAEOTRAVEL
Saint Michael's line - fabiopetrella
Mont St. Michel, France.
These 7 Christian sanctuaries dedicated to Archangel Michael are perfectly  lined up. The reason will blow your mind! - Travel site
The 7 shrines NOT in a straight line: the Mysterious Faith for St. Michael  the Archangel » Stephen Kleckner's blog
Muere Michael Collins, el astronauta del Apolo 11 que viajó a la Luna con  Neil Amstrong y Buzz Aldrin
Mont St. Michel, France.
Saint Michael-Apollo Axis | ARCHAEOTRAVEL
Sacred Geography Enclosed in the Idea of the Apollo-Saint Michael Axis |  ARCHAEOTRAVEL
Resultado de imagen para michael collins italian BORN ROME
Resultado de imagen para BANDERA ITALIA
Resultado de imagen para BANDERA ITALIA
Chispas Literarias - Jefe de Chispas Literarias - Chispas Literarias |  LinkedIn
Resultado de imagen de CERN ANGELS DEMONS
OFM Franciscans PH on Twitter: "SAINT MICHAEL'S LENT August 15th-September  29th St. Francis, known for his deep devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary  and St. Michael the Archangel, Prince of angels and
Daily Mass Tuesday, September 29, 2020 – Feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel,  and Raphael, archangels - YouTube
Today, September 29, We Celebrate Sts. Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Archangels
September 29, 1954 - CERN Established
CERN established
CERN 50th Anniversary A Photographic Timeline - ppt download
September 29 in history: Isabella II becomes Spanish Queen, CERN  established, and more - Photos News
WION - #TodayInHistory | 1954: European Organization for Nuclear Research,  CERN, is established | Facebook
Accelerating Science and Innovation Welcome to CERN. - ppt download
Que es un acelerador de particulas y para que sirve? El CERN y su LHC. -  YouTube
europeanorganisation - Twitter Search / Twitter
CERN 666 To Be Activated 9/23/2015 | Page 2 | Sherdog Forums | UFC, MMA &  Boxing Discussion
CERN 50 th Anniversary A Photographic Timeline Miguel Angel Marquina  (Editor) CIEMAT/CERN. - ppt download
Six decades of science for peace – CERN Courier
Resultado de imagen para MARS 4TH JULY PLANET
Resultado de imagen para MICHAEL WAR REVELATION 12
Resultado de imagen para MARS 4TH JULY PLANET
Resultado de imagen para MICHAEL WAR REVELATION 12
Resultado de imagen para MARS 4TH JULY PLANET
Resultado de imagen para MICHAEL WAR REVELATION 12
Resultado de imagen para STAR WAR REVELATION 12
Resultado de imagen para REVELATION 12 LAST SUPPER

Reply  Message 7 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 06/09/2024 02:29
Clase magistral no. 6 Max Weber | PPT

Reply  Message 8 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 16/09/2024 14:50
back to future - Alas... Bitcoin... - devRant

Was Steve Jobs actually Satoshi Nakamoto the creator of Bitcoin? ????

Satoshi Nakamoto is the anonymous creator of the revolutionary system known as $Bitcoin (BTC.CC.CC)$. It provided a trustless, decentralized way to transact value across the internet, eliminating the need for an intermediary. Through this innovation, Satoshi Nakamoto paved the way for countless future blockchain applications.
Third-Party arts, logos and marks are registered trademarks of their respective owners.
Third-Party arts, logos and marks are registered trademarks of their respective owners.
The real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto has never been revealed and the likelihood of Steve Jobs, Founder of $Apple (AAPL.US)$, being Satoshi Nakamoto rest in the speculation that his death properly aligned with the disappearance of Satoshi Nakamoto on the internet. In truth, the identity of the creator remains unknown, so it is simply a theory that Steve Jobs was the person behind it all.
Third-Party arts, logos and marks are registered trademarks of their respective owners.
Third-Party arts, logos and marks are registered trademarks of their respective owners.
Many experts believe Satoshi Nakamoto was a group of individuals given the complexity of the code and the fact that the code was written over the course of several years — starting in 2007. The network was launched in 2009 and the white paper found on MacOS, "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", was first published in 2008 to describe the fundamentals of the system:
Third-Party arts, logos and marks are registered trademarks of their respective owners.
Third-Party arts, logos and marks are registered trademarks of their respective owners.
The true developer of Bitcoin has never been officially revealed leaving HIS -or- HER identity to great speculation.
https://www.moomoo.com/community/feed/110163576946693

Reply  Message 9 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 16/09/2024 16:37

Bitcoin Lecture at CERN, December 2 and 3

Giulio Prisco
LAST UPDATED MARCH 4, 2021 4:41 PM

The lectures are part of the CERN Academic Training Lectures program, open to all members of CERN personnel (in particular staff members and fellows, associates, students, users, project associates and apprentices) free of charge. The lectures are not officially open to the public, but many people in Geneva have friends or acquaintances at CERN, so getting an invitation to enter the CERN campus shouldn’t be too much of a problem for those who really want to attend the lectures.

Introduction to Cryptography and the Bitcoin Protocol

Cryptography is a key element of many Internet protocols – used for ensuring privacy, integrity, and security. Topics to be covered will include symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption (public/private keys), digital signing and cryptographic hashing. These topics will serve as background information for the lecture on an Introduction to Bitcoin. The Bitcoin protocol not only supports an electronic currency, but also has the possibility for being (mis)used in other ways. Topics will include the basic operation of how Bitcoin operates including motivations and also such things as block chaining, bitcoin mining, and how financial transactions operate. A knowledge of the topics covered in the Basic Cryptography lecture will be assumed.

The lecturer is Bob Cowles, a Cyber Security Expert at BrightLite Information Security. Cowles was Chief Information Security Officer at SLAC, another prestigious research laboratory, for fifteen years until 2012.

What do you think of this high-profile Bitcoin event at the birthplace of the Web? Comment below!

Images from CERN and Wikimedia Commons.


https://www.ccn.com/bitcoin-lecture-cern-december-2-3/

Reply  Message 10 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 16/09/2024 16:52
CERN backs new 62 mile £19 BILLION particle accelerator | Daily Mail Online

Reply  Message 11 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 22/09/2024 23:57
Nazi Gold: The Full Story of the Fifty-Year Swiss-Nazi Conspiracy to Steal  Billions from Europe's Jews and Holocaust Survivors - eBook - Tom Bower -  ISBN 9781504043243 - Storytel

Respuesta  Mensaje 11 de 11 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 22/09/2024 20:50
Nazi GOLD IN SWITZERLAND: A DARK HISTORY
The Secret Gold Vaults of Switzerland
BBC News | Analysis | The greatest theft in history
 
CNN - Switzerland proposes $4.7 billion fund for Nazi victims - Mar. 5, 1997
Adam Lebor: Hitler's Secret Bankers
Hitler's Secret Bankers: The Myth of Swiss Neutrality During the Holocaust:  Lebor, Adam: 9782702807095: Amazon.com: Books
How the Swiss Protected Hitler's Gold - YouTube
Nazi Gold - TV Tropes
The Devil's Pact: Hitler and the Swiss Banks
Tracing Nazi gold through Switzerland - The Swiss Times
Switzerland and the Crisis of the Dormant Assets and Nazi Gold - 1st E
Nazi Gold | FRONTLINE | PBS

Reply  Message 12 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 24/09/2024 17:25
Pin page

Reply  Message 13 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 29/09/2024 21:50
Aunque Ginebra se menciona en escritos de Julio César en latín como Genava (Génava), durante la Guerra de las Galias, el nombre en sí mismo es de origen céltico. Este también ha sido transformado por otras culturas. Por ejemplo, Ginebra es llamada Geneva en inglés y arpitano.

Reply  Message 14 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 30/09/2024 13:05
Amazon.com: El Viaje Del Arco Iris/ the Trip of the Rainbow: Los Nazis, La  Banca Suiza Y La Argentina De Peron / the Nazis, the Swiss Banks and  Peron's Argentina (Spanish Edition):

Reply  Message 15 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 30/09/2024 20:17

Albert Einstein

 
Albert Einstein
Einstein in 1921
Born 14 March 1879
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died 18 April 1955 (aged 76)
Citizenship
Education Swiss federal polytechnic school in Zurich (Dipl., 1900)
University of Zurich (PhD, 1905)
Known for
See list
Spouses
(m. 1903; div. 1919)​
(m. 1919; died 1936)​
Children
Awards
Scientific career
Fields Physics
Institutions
See list
Thesis Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions) (1905)
Doctoral advisor Alfred Kleiner
Other academic advisors Heinrich Friedrich Weber
 
Signature

Albert Einstein (/ˈnstn/ EYEN-styne;[5] German: [ˈalbɛɐt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics.[1][6] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from special relativity, has been called "the world's most famous equation".[7] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",[8] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.

Born in the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg)[note 1] the following year. In 1897, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss federal polytechnic school in Zürich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life. In 1903, he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1917, he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time as a subject of the Kingdom of Prussia.[note 1] In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi war of extermination against his fellow Jews,[9] Einstein decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.[10] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommended that the US begin similar research. Einstein supported the Allies but generally viewed the idea of nuclear weapons with great dismay.[11]

Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.[12][13] In 1905, he published four groundbreaking papers, sometimes described as his annus mirabilis (miracle year).[14] These papers outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced his special theory of relativity—a theory which addressed the inability of classical mechanics to account satisfactorily for the behavior of the electromagnetic field—and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory of relativity that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmological paper that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole.[15][16]

In the middle part of his career, Einstein made important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light consists of particles, subsequently called photons. With the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the groundwork for Bose-Einstein statistics. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that proved ultimately unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture of the world, objecting that "God does not play dice".[17] Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism too. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream modern physics. His intellectual achievements and originality made Einstein broadly synonymous with genius.[18] In 1999, he was named Time's Person of the Century.[19] In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World, Einstein was ranked the greatest physicist of all time.[20]

Life and career

Childhood, youth and education

A young boy with short hair and a round face, wearing a white collar and large bow, with vest, coat, skirt, and high boots. He is leaning against an ornate chair.Einstein in 1882, age 3

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm,[21] in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.[22][23] His parents, secular Ashkenazi Jews, were Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer, and Pauline Koch. In 1880, the family moved to Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.[21] He often related a formative event from his youth, when he was sick in bed and his father brought him a compass. This sparked his lifelong fascination with electromagnetism. He realized that "Something deeply hidden had to be behind things."[24]

Albert attended St. Peter‘s Catholic elementary school in Munich from the age of five. When he was eight, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium, where he received advanced primary and then secondary school education.[25]


Reply  Message 16 of 15 on the subject 
From: BARILOCHENSE6999 Sent: 30/09/2024 20:55
 | 

Bern Museums: Einstein’s House

Image of Bern with the river

By Emma Marshall

There are several Bern museums that you can visit in the Swiss capital. 

However, if you’re in this lovely city, a World Heritage Site, and the place where Albert Einstein developed his theory of relativity, you really must put a visit to the house where he lived on your sightseeing list. 

Read on for more information on visiting this Bern museum and for my thoughts on what I learnt here.

This post contains affiliate links

Bern Museums: where is the Einstein house?

The Albert Einstein house is situated in Bern old town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  

It’s on Kramgasse (specifically No.49). This is the main street that runs the length of the old town and which means “Grocer’s Alley”.  It’s a lovely medieval street and you’re bound to visit it on a trip to Bern.

View of Kramgasse street in BernKramgasse street

There are long covered alleyways here, with small boutique shops under the arches.  There’s also a smattering of cosy cafes and bars in basements, which would be perfect in the cold winter months. 

The street is also is interspersed with a number of ornate, colourful, and quite unique fountains. At one end, you can also find the 13th century clock tower (Zytlogge).  This is beautiful and lovely when lit up at night.

Bern clock tower in the old town.  You can see a crowd of people in front of thisBern clock tower in the old town
Bern clock tower at nightThe Bern clock tower at night

This is another must-see sight in Bern.  So much so that you can book tours to learn more about the clock and to go inside.  Click here to learn more. 

You can also book walking tours of the old town: click here.

Bern Museums: why visit the Einstein House?

Einstein is not the only famous or noteworthy person connected to this Swiss canton.  Others include the Nobel Prize winner, Emil Kocher, and the Bond actress Ursula Andress. 

However, he is the one that the city – understandably – is most proud of. 

This is because it was in Bern that he first sowed the seeds for his famed work on the General Theory of Relativity. He himself said: “Those were good times, the years in Bern”, of his seven years in the Swiss capital.

So when deciding which Bern museum to visit, you really should include one about Einstein.

You can actually learn about Einstein’s time in the Swiss capital in two Bern museums.  Aswell as Einstein’s house, there is the Bern Historical Museum

According to the website, this has “some 550 original objects and replicas, 70 films and numerous animations outline the biography of the genius and his ground-breaking discoveries”.

Outside of the Bern Historical Museum.  This has a picture of Einstein hanging from the front.Outside of the Bern Historical Museum, a Bern Museum you can visit on a trip here

As we had limited time in the capital, we chose to focus on Einstein’s house and the museum that is housed there. However, if I returned, I would definitely visit the Bern Historical Museum as well. 

Bern Museums: The Einstein house

Outside of the Einstein in the old townOutside Einstein’s House (picture courtesy of AEG Bern)

The Einstein House is the flat that Einstein occupied from 1903 to 1905 with his wife, Mileva Maric.  Mileva was herself a promising physicist from Serbia.

The house is very small, so this is a Bern museum that can get easily crowded. I’d therefore recommend visiting early to ensure you get in.

The museum has a large selection of exhibits and photographs from the couple’s life together.  On the first floor, these are displayed around the flat as it presumably was laid out at the time.

Inside the Einstein house.  You can see a room as it was set out - with a table and chairs in the middle of the room, sofa against the wall and pictures hung on the wallInside Einstein’s House (picture courtesy of AEG Bern)

A small table is in the middle of the room where the family would have eaten. Chairs are where they would have relaxed, and there is a writing bureau, and cabinet housing a tea service and coffee pots. 

All are overlooked by fascinating old photos of the family that hang on the walls and that depict different chapters of their life.  

Upstairs, there is an informative short film.  This draws on archive footage, that charts Einstein’s life from his early days through to later years.  Make sure you watch this – it is essential viewing.  It really brings alive the life of the man.

Bern Museums: What’s interesting about this particular museum?

Einstein’s work

The museum is interesting on several levels. Firstly, for what you learn about Einstein’s great work and the foundations for this. 

His first job was with the Swiss Patent Office which he held down whilst simultaneously writing his scientific papers. These included the forerunner to his work on the Theory of Relativity and another which won him a Nobel Prize in 1921. 

He then moved into academia at the University of Bern before moving to Zurich.  There were other stints in Prague and Berlin, before his later life spent in the United States.

Einstein’s personal life

This Bern Museum is also interesting for the insight it gives you into the personal life of Einstein.  I found this utterly engrossing. 

We all grow up knowing that Einstein is significant for his scientific work and discoveries. What we know less about (or certainly I knew less about) are the life stories running alongside in the background.

Much of this revolves around Einstein’s personal relationships and the consequences of these.  Some of these are very sad.  For example, he had a child born out of wedlock and a second relationship while still married. 

He married Mileva Malic in 1903, but had in fact had a daughter, Leiserl, with Mileva the previous year.  Leiserl was born in Mileva’s home country of Serbia. She was left to grow up with her grandparents, presumably because she was illegitimate. 

According to the museum exhibition, Einstein himself never met his daughter.  Her sheer existence was kept secret during his lifetime. To this day what happened to Liserl is a mystery.

Mileva and Einstein went on to raise two sons, Hans Albert and Eduard. They remained married until 1919 when Einstein remarried – to his cousin, Elsa Lowenthal. It seems he had forged a relationship with her some time before his marriage to Mileva formally dissolved.

Einstein’s move to the USA

The museum also tells the story of Einstein’s move to the USA.  This coincided with the rise of the Nazi party in Germany and the difficulties that this presented to him. 

Most notably these included the impossibility of working there as a German Jew.  Scores of Jewish academics were being forced out of work, Nazi book burnings were taking place, and Einstein was vocalising his views on the treatment of Jews within Germany. 

He therefore took up a role at Princeton University in the USA, and it is there that he remained until his death in 1955.

Einstein’s wife

Although this Bern museum is only small, you can learn a great deal in a short time, some of it possibly unexpected.  And whilst I went to learn more about Einstein, I came away with a long lasting impression of his wife. 

I developed an equal admiration for his wife, partly because of all that she seemed to go through during her time with Einstein. This included a child that was given up, a broken marriage and the forfeiture of her own academic ambitions.

It also seems that Mileva may have been important not only for her support of Einstein’s ambitions, but more directly for her role in actually furthering these.

Some think that letters between the couple show her contribution.  It is thought that she contributed in the early days to Einstein’s ground-breaking work and that her own expertise in physics is reflected in some of his work. 

So, in addition to learning a lot about Einstein himself, I learnt a lot about the wife of one of the world’s greatest scientists.  I came away with a real sense that the adage about there being a great woman behind every man was really true of Mileva.

Bern Museums: visiting the Einstein house

Opening times

You can visit the house between 1st February and 21st December. Exceptions include Easter, Pentecost and Switzerland’s National Day (1st August). 

Opening times are 9am to 5pm.  Entry costs CHF 6 for adults (reduced rates apply for students, pensioners and those between 8 and 15 years: CHF 4.50, 4.50 and 3, respectively).

Getting to Bern

Bern has an airport and you can catch flights here from various cities in Germany, as well as from London (City airport), Vienna and Palma. 

However, it is smaller than both the Swiss airports in Geneva and Zurich that have more regular flights.  Bern is just over an hour via train from Zurich airport and around two hours to Geneva airport. You might therefore find it more convenient to catch a flight to one of these airports.

You can also visit Bern from other Swiss cities.  Lausanne and Lucerne are both around an hour away by train. Interlaken is around 45 mnutes and Nuechatel just under 50 minutes.

If public transport is not your thing, you can also book day trips to Bern.  Click here for ideas.

Other Bern Museums to visit

Aside from the history museums, there are other Bern museums to visit. 

These include a fine arts museum, a communications museum and a Swiss alpine museum – see http://www.museen-bern.ch/en/for further information.

If you enjoy short trips to Europe, you may also find some of my other posts of interest:

https://www.travelonatimebudget.co.uk/switzerland/bern-museums-einsteins-house/


First  Previous  2 a 15 de 15  Next   Last  
Previous subject  Next subject
 
©2024 - Gabitos - All rights reserved