PABLO VI=SEXTO/SEXO/666 (¿OTRO PAPA DE MARIA MAGDALENA?) - FORO LIBREPENSADOR SIN CENSURA

Sixto II

Sixto II
Sixto II por Sandro Botticelli (siglo xv, Capilla Sixtina)

Papa de la Iglesia católica
30 de agosto de 257-6 de agosto de 258
Predecesor	Esteban I
Sucesor	Dionisio
Culto público
Canonización	Culto inmemorial
Festividad	6 de agosto (Iglesia católica) 10 de agosto (Iglesia ortodoxa griega)
Santuario	Basílica de san Sixto Vecchio
Información personal
Nombre	Sixto
Nacimiento	c. 215 Grecia, Imperio romano
Fallecimiento	6 de agosto de 258^jul. Roma (Italia)
[editar datos en Wikidata]

Sixto II (Grecia, c. 215-Roma, 6 de agosto de 258) fue el vigésimo cuarto papa de la Iglesia católica de 257 a 258.

Biografía[editar]

Elegido para suceder a Esteban I, San Sixto II o Sixto II (en latín: Xystus Secundus). Obispo de Roma entre el 31 de agosto del 257 y el 6 de agosto del 258. Nacido en Grecia, fue elegido para el cargo de papa bajo el reinado del emperador Valeriano, quien desató una fuerte represión contra los cristianos que acabó con la vida de muchos seguidores de esta religión, incluida la del propio Sixto II. Fue el primer papa de la historia en llevar un nombre ya utilizado por un predecesor.

Pontificado[editar]

Durante el pontificado de Esteban I se había producido la ruptura entre la Iglesia de Roma con las Iglesias de África y Asia Menor. Los primeros defendían la validez de los bautismos oficiados por los lapsi, siempre que se hubieran hecho en nombre de la santísima Trinidad, mientras que los segundos negaban su validez por considerarlos herejes. Sixto II logró poner fin a la disputa que enfrentaba a la cristiandad al renunciar a imponer la postura defendida por Roma. Las relaciones con Cipriano de Cartago, obispo de Cartago volvieron a ser amistosas,¹ sin duda porque fue aceptada la postura de este: que fuera competencia de cada obispo, en su propia Iglesia, la toma de decisiones sobre el caso que se presentara. En lo que las dos partes estaban absolutamente conformes era en que la legitimidad de cada sede episcopal venía de su fundador o patriarca, que era siempre, directamente o por jerarquía, un apóstol: a las enseñanzas impartidas por él se les debía obediencia.

Su pontificado se inició poco después de que el emperador Valeriano hubiera proclamado un edicto de persecución contra los cristianos en el que prohibía el culto cristiano y las reuniones en los cementerios, ubicados en las catacumbas. Esta última disposición exigió una nueva ley, pues quebrantaba la salvaguardia que siempre el derecho romano había otorgado a los cementerios. Eran lugares en los que, durante las persecuciones, los cristianos se reunían para celebrar sus cultos, a pesar de que Valeriano había prohibido tales reuniones.

Según el martirologio romano, Sixto II fue detenido mientras estaba celebrando misa en el cementerio de Pretextato, muriendo mártir al ser decapitado (según la tradición en la Cárcel Mamertina) junto a algunos de los diáconos que le acompañaban en el momento de su captura: san Genaro, san Vicente, san Magno y san Esteban. Ese mismo día también sufrieron el martirio los diáconos santos Felicísimo y Agapito, y poco después el diácono san Lorenzo. Fue enterrado en las Catacumbas de San Calixto. De este modo las autoridades imperiales creyeron haber acabado con la Iglesia de Roma. De hecho, por la violencia de la persecución fue imposible nombrar el sucesor de Sixto II, Dionisio I hasta un año después de su muerte, hasta que llegaron las noticias de la prisión y muerte de Valeriano en el 259.

Al papa Sixto II se le atribuyó en alguna época la autoría de la obra Sentencias de Sexto, también conocida como “Anillo de Sixto”, obra que en realidad es debida a un filósofo pitagórico llamado también Sixto.

El papa Sixto II efectuó el traslado de los restos de San Pedro y San Pablo.

Su fiesta se celebra el 7 de agosto.

Washington National Cathedral

Coordinates:

38°55′50″N 77°4′15″W

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikimedia \| © OpenStreetMap

Washington National Cathedral
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Washington National Cathedral is officially dedicated as the "Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Diocese of Washington"
Show map of Washington, D.C.Show map of the United StatesShow all
Location	Wisconsin Avenue and Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C., United States
Coordinates	38°55′50″N 77°4′15″W
Built	1906; 119 years ago to 1988; 37 years ago
Architect	George Frederick Bodley, Philip Hubert Frohman
Architectural style	Neo-Gothic
NRHP reference No.	74002170
Added to NRHP	May 3, 1974

Exterior view

The west rose window was dedicated in 1977 in the presence of both the 39th President, Jimmy Carter, and Queen Elizabeth II (as Supreme Governor of the Church of England).

The Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Episcopal Diocese of Washington, commonly known as Washington National Cathedral or National Cathedral, is a cathedral of the Episcopal Church. The cathedral is located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States.^[1]^[2] The structure is of Neo-Gothic design closely modeled on English Gothic style of the late fourteenth century. It is the second-largest church building in the United States,^[3] and the third-tallest building in Washington, D.C. The cathedral is the seat of both the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church and the bishop of the Diocese of Washington. Over 270,000 people visit the structure annually.^[4]

The Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation, under the first seven bishops of Washington, erected the cathedral under a charter passed by the United States Congress on January 6, 1893.^[5] Construction began on September 29, 1907, when the foundation stone was laid in the presence of President Theodore Roosevelt and a crowd of more than 20,000, and ended 83 years later when the "final finial" was placed in the presence of President George H. W. Bush on September 29, 1990. Decorative and restorative work, particularly of damage from a nearby earthquake in 2011, is ongoing as of 2024. The Foundation is the legal entity of which all institutions on the Cathedral Close are a part; its corporate staff provides services for the institutions to help enable their missions, conducts work of the Foundation itself that is not done by the other entities, and serves as staff for the board of trustees.

The cathedral stands at Massachusetts and Wisconsin Avenues in the northwest quadrant of Washington. It is an associate member of the inter-denominational Washington Theological Consortium.^[6] It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2007, it was ranked third on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.^[7]

History

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Washington National Cathedral Looking SE showing substantial use of flying buttresses.

Construction

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In 1792, Pierre L'Enfant's "Plan of the Federal City" specified a site for a "great church for national purposes". However he defined it as non-sectarian and nondenominational. Alexander Hamilton modified L'Enfant's plan and eliminated the "church" and several other proposed monuments and that plan was never reproduced. The working plan for the new city was subsequently produced by Andrew Ellicott and it varied in many respects from L'Enfant's. although the essence remained. The National Portrait Gallery now occupies that site.

In 1891, a meeting was held to begin plans for an Episcopal cathedral in Washington. On January 6, 1893, the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of the District of Columbia was granted a charter from Congress to establish the cathedral. The 52nd United States Congress declared in the act to incorporate the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of the District of Columbia that the "said corporation is hereby empowered to establish and maintain within the District of Columbia a cathedral and institutions of learning for the promotion of religion and education and charity."^[8] The commanding site on Mount Saint Alban was chosen.^[9] Henry Yates Satterlee, first Episcopal bishop of the Diocese of Washington, chose George Frederick Bodley, Britain's leading Anglican church architect, as the head architect. Henry Vaughan was selected supervising architect.

Construction started on September 29, 1907, with a ceremonial address by President Theodore Roosevelt and the laying of the cornerstone. In 1912, Bethlehem Chapel opened for services in the unfinished cathedral, which have continued daily ever since. When construction of the cathedral resumed after a brief hiatus for World War I, both Bodley and Vaughan had died. Gen. John J. Pershing led fundraising efforts for the church after World War I. American architect Philip Hubert Frohman took over the design of the cathedral and was thenceforth designated the principal architect. Funding for Washington National Cathedral has come entirely from private sources. Maintenance and upkeep continue to rely entirely upon private support.

Construction of the Washington National Cathedral

National role

[edit]

Aerial view of the Washington National Cathedral

From its earliest days, the cathedral has been promoted as more than simply an Episcopal cathedral. Planners hoped it would play a role similar to Westminster Abbey. They wanted it to be a national shrine and a venue for great services. For much of the cathedral's history, this was captured in the phrase "a house of prayer for all people." In more recent times the phrases "national house of prayer" and "spiritual home for the nation" have been used. The cathedral has achieved this status simply by offering itself and being accepted by religious and political leaders as playing this role.^[10]

Its initial charter was similar to those granted to American University, The Catholic University of America, and other not-for-profit entities founded in the District of Columbia c. 1900. Contrary to popular misconception, the government has not designated it as a national house of prayer.

During World War II, monthly services were held there "on behalf of a united people in a time of emergency."^[11] Before and since, the structure has hosted other major events, both religious and secular, that have drawn the attention of the American people, as well as tourists from around the world.