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ASTROTEOLOGIA-EVANGELIO EN LAS ESTRELLAS: HOW TO FIND BOOTES, THE HERDSMAN CONSTELLATION ARCA ARCTURUS
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Respuesta  Mensaje 1 de 39 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999  (Mensaje original) Enviado: 02/08/2023 11:14



Primer  Anterior  10 a 24 de 39  Siguiente   Último 
Respuesta  Mensaje 10 de 39 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:39

In relation to the fixed stars, the sun rises later each day due to the rotation of the earth around the sun.

 

The sun rises just after Sirius at the latitude of Washington D.C. on August 15. This is known as the heliacal rising of Sirius. Prior to this time of year, the sun is above or too close to the horizon for the rising of the star to be visible.

 

Ancient Egyptians based their calendar on the heliacal rising of Sirius, which signaled the onset of the annual flooding of the Nile. Christians celebrate the Assumption of the Virgin Mary on August 15, linking the Assumption to the first appearance of Sirius/Isis in the sky just before dawn.

Orion has also set due west at the latitude of Washington D.C. for the past two hundred years.

 

From the viewpoint of the Capitol building, Orion sets right behind the Washington Monument. Setting in the west, Orion's belt is horizontal, pointing to Sirius setting south of due west.

 

From the viewpoint of the Capitol building, Sirius sets over the Potomac River, on the alignment of Maryland Avenue. The bright star above Orion is Aldebaran, the alpha star in the constellation of Taurus.

 

From the viewpoint of the Capitol building, Aldebaran sets over the White House, on the alignment of Pennsylvania Avenue.

Source

 

It has already been established that the Goddess can be symbolized by an owl.

 


 

 


Columbia and the Constellation of Virgo

The District of Columbia has more astrological symbols than and other city in the world. The capitol city was built from the ground up with a specific esoteric design.

 

There were many changes however, and some things didn't go exactly to plan.

In David Ovason’s book, The Secret Architecture of our Nation’s Capital ... The District of Columbia and its Federal City were arranged, according to Ovason, so that the constellation of Virgo and its goddess symbolism dominates the structure.

 

Ovason notes that the right triangle of first magnitude stars that contains the constellation Virgo, Arcturus, Regulus and Spica, can also be found in the plan of the Federal city marked by the location of the Capital, the President’s House and the Washington Monument.

 

And he also notes that the consecration ceremonies for these sites all include prominent astrological connections to Virgo...

 

 

This earth/sky alignment can be seen every year, weather permitting, around August 10th, as the sun sets down the Pennsylvania avenue sight line from the Capital, the great triangle enclosing Virgo appears in the darkening sky.

 

It was not as obvious 200 years ago when the plan was laid out, but now, at the moment of culmination, the alignment is clear and unmistakable.

 

As Ovason insists, it is plain that from its inception, the District of Columbia, and the Federal City,

“was intended to celebrate the mysteries of Virgo - of the Egyptian Isis, the Grecian Ceres and the Christian Virgin."

Source


 

 

Pierre-Charles L’Enfant and the Design of Washington

Pierre-Charles L’Enfant... adventurous Frenchman and a contemporary of Weishaupt, who was primarily responsible for the name and design of the District of Columbia...

 

Pierre was educated first as an artist, where he studied the science of landscape design from the works of Andre le Notre, who designed the great historical axis of Paris, and then as a soldier, where he learned the art of fortification.

 

In 1776, as a lieutenant, he joined his regimental Masonic lodge where he met the Marquis de Lafayette and many other young Frenchmen fired up by the new ideals of liberty and equality. In 1777, he offered his services to the new Continental Army of General Washington, and was appointed a captain of engineers...

 

When he learned, in 1789, that his old friend General Washington was planning to establish a new federal capital down in Virginia, L’Enfant wrote directly to him, announcing that,

“…no nation, perhaps, had ever before the opportunity offered them of deliberately deciding on the spot where their capital city should be fixed.”

Arriving in Georgetown early in 1791, armed with Washington’s instructions to assist the current surveyors... L’Enfant quickly took charge...

 

Andrew Ellicott, the chief surveyor was a knowledgeable astronomer, and he undoubtedly helped fix the precise point on the horizon marking the August11th sunset.

 

This angle, 22 degrees north of west, did double duty, pointing to the sunset where, 200 years later, the triangle containing Virgo would appear in the sky and also marking the September 18th rising of Sirius over the Capital. This one alignment, from the Capital to the White House, graphically unites the two most prominent astronomical goddess images, Sirius and Virgo.

L’Enfant’s plan was changed through the years, and his steadfast defense of certain points led to his being considered difficult. He wanted to keep intact not only the precise sightlines of his alignments... L’Enfant’s idea was to preserve a direct view of the western horizon for the mid-August time period when the Virgo triangle appeared in the sky... the earthly reflection of the Virgo triangle.

 

While this view has been destroyed, the careful angle of Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capital to the White House still allows us to identify the crucial moment of revelation.

Source

 

 



The Goddess of... Revelations?

Revelation 12:

[1] And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars.
[2] And she being with child cried, travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered.
[3] And there appeared another wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads.
[4] And his tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven, and did cast them to the earth: and the dragon stood before the woman which was ready to be delivered, for to devour her child as soon as it was born.
[5] And she brought forth a man child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron: and her child was caught up unto God, and to his throne.

The moment the sages of 1177 foresaw, just after the turn of the seventh millennium of the Hebrew calendar and the beginning of the third Christian millennium, the alignment of eclipse cycle and the sacred calendars, occurred on October 3/4th, 2005, and two days later, on October 5/6th, the great portent appeared in the sky.

 

The sun in Virgo, from a sidereal perspective, falling on the Virgin’s robed shoulder, “clothed by the Sun,” a thin crescent moon on the cusp of Virgo/Libra, “with the Moon under her feet,” and “pregnant” with the conjunction of Mercury, Jupiter and the alpha star of Virgo, Spica, at the level of her womb.

 

“Crowned with twelve stars,” suggests the return of the cusp of Virgo/Leo, ancient starting point of the zodiac, to the fall equinox.

 

The Red Dragon, even with all its evil connotations, can be seen as the Head of the Dragon marking the solar eclipse, waiting to eat the child, the Sun/Son, the moment it is born.

So, in Washington City, at noon on October 5/6th, 2005, even though the sun was veiling the event, the Great Portent moved into alignment over the city’s monuments. The White House’s south front would have been a good place to view it, and in our computer view, that’s our observation point.

 

As the Sun touched the meridian on October 5th, the whole of the Portent spread out to the east, from meridian to eastern horizon.

 

The first thing we notice is that the Washington Monument is not due south of the White House, as L’Enfant planned. It is offset to the east just enough to align with the fixed star Spica and the conjunction of Jupiter and Mercury. This is apparently not accidental, as the dedication ceremony for its present location, done in 1880, was aligned down the Mall with the rising of Spica...

 

Further down the Mall to the east is the new Moon, on the Virgo/Libra cusp, under the feet of Virgo, and beyond that in Libra is Venus.

Source


Esoteric and Occult Goddess worship has culminated in the design and purpose of Washington D.C.

 

Embodied as the Goddess Columbia, who is the new face of an old deity. According to this website (www.goddesscolumbia.com), the design in D.C. was meant to be fulfilled in recent time, and was not exactly aligned until now.

 

The great 'wonder in heaven' of revelations occurred in October of 2005.

 

According to the dates set forth in the book of Daniel, Mt. Zion will be in the hands of unbelievers for 2,300 years.

  • The Greeks conquered Israel in 333BC and 2,300 years later in 1967AD the Jews re-conquered it after the 6-Day War.

  • The two other periods linked with the abomination of the Temple are 1,290 and 1,335 years.

  • The Muslims turned the Dome of the Rock into a mosque in 677, and 1,290 years later in 1967 east Jerusalem was annexed by Israel.

  • The other period is 1,335 years after the Muslims captured the Temple.

  • And that is 45 years after 1967, or 2012.

 

Return to The Secret History of America's Capital - Washington D.C.


Respuesta  Mensaje 11 de 39 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:40
Fixed star:  ARCTURUS
Constellation:  Alpha (α) Bootes
Longitude 1900:  22LIB50 Longitude 2000:  24LIB14
Declination 1900:  +19.42' Declination 2000:  +19.11'
Right ascension:  14h 15m Latitude:  +30.44'
Spectral class:  K2 Magnitude:   -0.04

The history of the star: Arcturus

from p.98 of Star Names, Richard Hinckley Allen, 1889.
[A scanned copy can be viewed on this webpage]

ArcturusAlpha (α) BootesArcturus, is a golden red star situated on the left knee of the Herdsman, the 4th brightest in the sky.

Arcturus has been an object of the highest interest and admiration to all observant mankind from the earliest times, and doubtless was one of the first stars to be named; for from Hesiod's day to the present it thus appears throughout all literature, although often confounded with the Greater Bear (Ursa Major). Indeed Hesiod's use of the word probably was for that constellation (Bootes), except in two cases, already quoted, where he unquestionably referred to this star, mentioning its rising fifty days after the winter solstice, the first allusion that we have to that celestial point. And it is popularly supposed that {p.99} our Arcturus is that of the Book of Job, xxxviii, 32; but there it merely is one of the early titles of Ursa Major, the Revised Version correctly rendering it "the Bear." Still, even now, the Standard Dictionary quotes for the star the Authorized Version's

"Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons ?"

But, like other prominent stars, it shared its name with its constellation — in fact, probably at first, and as late as Pliny's day  (23-79 A.D.), was a constellation by itself. Homer's Bootes doubtless was this, with, possibly, a few of its larger companions; and the 17th century German astronomer Bayer cited Bootes for the star; but in recent times the latter has monopolized the present title.

It was famous with the seamen of early days, even from the traditional period of the Arcadian Evander, and regulated their annual festival by its movements in relation to the sun. But its influence always was dreaded, as is seen in  the Greek astronomer Aratus', circa 270 B.C., deinou Arktouroio and Pliny's (23-79 A.D.) horridum sidus; while Demosthenes, in his action against Lacritus 341 B.C., tells us of a bottomry bond, made in Athens on a vessel going to the river Borysthenes — the modern Dnieper—and to the Tauric Chersonese—the Crimea—and back, that stipulated for a rate of 22 ½ per cent, interest if she arrived within the Bosporus "before Arcturus," i.e. before its heliacal rising about mid-September; after which it was to be 30 per cent. Its acronycal rising fixed the date of the husbandmen's Lustratio frugum; and Vergil (70-19 B.C.) twice made allusion in his 1st Georgic to its character as unfavorably affecting the farmers' work. Other contemporaneous authors confirmed this stormy reputation, while all classical calendars gave the dates of its risings and settings.

Hippocrates, 460 B.C., made much of the influence of Arcturus on the human body, in one instance claiming that a dry season, after its rising,

"agrees best with those who are naturally phlegmatic, with those who are of a humid temperament, and with women; but it is most inimical to the bilious;"

and that

"diseases are especially apt to prove critical in these days."

{p.100} The Prologue of the Rudens of Plautus, delivered by Arcturus in person, and "one of the early opinions of the presence of invisible agents amongst mankind," declares of himself that he is considered a stormy sign at the times of his rising and setting,— as the original has it:

"Arcturus signum, sum omnium quam acerrimum. Vehemens sum, cum exorior, cum occido vehementior."

And the passage from Horace's  (65-8 B.C.) Odes —

"Nec saevus Arcturi cadentis Impetus aut orientis Haedi —"

is familiar to all. This same idea came down to modern days, for Pope repeated it in his verse,

"When moist Arcturus clouds the sky."

Astrologically, however, the star brought riches and honor to those born under it.

An Egyptian astronomical calendar of the 15th century before Christ, deciphered by Renouf, associates it with the star Antares in the immense sky figure Menat; and Lockyer claims it as one of the objects of worship in Nile temples, as it was in the temple of Venus at Ancona in Italy.

In India it was the 13th nakshatra (Hindu Moon Mansion), Svati, the Good Goer, or perhaps Sword, but figured as a Coral Bead, Gem, or Pearl; and known there also as Nishtya, Outcast, possibly from its remote northern situation far outside of the zodiac, whence, from its brilliancy, it was arbitrarily taken to complete the series of Hindu asterisms. Hewitt thinks that it, or Capella, was the Aryaman of the Rig Veda; and Edkins that it was the Tistar usually assigned to Sirius.

The Chinese called it Ta Kio, the Great Horn, four small stars near by being Kang Che, the Drought Lake; Edkins further writing of it:

"Arcturus is the palace of the emperor. The two groups of three small stars on its right [eta, iota (ι), and upsilon (υ)] are called She ti, the Leaders, because they assign a fixed direction to the tail of the Bear, which, as it revolves, points out the twelve hours of the horizon."

The Arabs knew Arcturus as Al Simak1 al Ramih (Allen notes: This word Simak is from a root meaning "to raise on high," and is thought to have been employed by the Arabs when they wished to indicate any prominent object high up in the heavens, but with special reference to this star and to the other Simak, Spica of the Virgin.), sometimes translated the Leg of the Lance-bearer, and again, perhaps more correctly, the Lofty {p.101} Lance-bearer. From the Arabic title came various degenerate forms: Al RamecAramecAremeahAscimecAzimech, and Azimeth, found in thou queer compendiums of stellar nomenclature the Alfonsine Tables and the Almagest of 1515; Somech haramach of English writer on globes John Chilmead (circa 1639)'s Treatise; and Aramakh, which Karsten Niebuhr heard from the Arabs 136 years ago. The Kheturus of their predecessors, already alluded to under Bootes, also was used for this.

The idea of a weapon again manifested itself in the Kontaratos, Javelin-bearer, of the Graeco-Persian Tables; while the 17th century German astronomer Bayer had GladiusKolanza, and Pugio, all applied to Arcturus, which probably marked in some early drawing the Sword, Lance, or Dagger in the Hunter's hand. Similarly it took the title Alkameluz of the whole constellation.

Al Haris al Sama, the Keeper of Heaven, perhaps came from the star's early visibility in the twilight owing to its great northern declination, as though on the lookout for the safety and proper deportment of his lesser stellar companions, and so "Patriarch Mentor of the Train." This subsequently became Al Haris al Simak, the Keeper of Simak, probably referring to Spica, the Unarmed One.

The Persian astronomer Al Biruni (973-1048 A.D.) mentioned Arcturus as the Second Calf of the Lion, the early Asad [Arabs had an enormous Lion, their early Asad, extending over a third of the heavens, of which the stars Arcturus and Spica were the shin-bones; Regulus, the forehead; the heads of Gemini, one of the fore paws; Canis Minor, the other; and Corvus, the hind quarters. Many Arab starnames come from this tradition. Star Names p.97.]; Spica being the First Calf.

It has been identified with the Chaldaeans' Papsukal, the Guardian Messenger, the divinity of their 10th month Tibitu; while Smith and Sayce have said that on the Euphrates it was the Shepherd of the Heavenly Flock, or the Shepherd of the Life of Heaven, undoubtedly the Sib-zi-anna of the inscriptions; the star eta (η) (Mufrid) being often included in this, and thus making one of the several pairs of Euphratean Twin Stars.

The 1515 Almagest and the Alfonsine Tables of 1521 add to their list of strange titles et nominatur Audiens, which seems unintelligible unless the word be a misprint for Audens, the Bold One.

John de Wiclif, in his translation of Amos v, 8, in 1383, had it Arture, which he took from the Vulgate's Arcturus for Ursa Major; but John of Trevisa in 1398 more correctly wrote:

"Arthurus is a signe made of VII starres, . . . but properly Arthurus is a sterre sette be-hynde the tayle of the synge that hyght Vrsa maior (Ursa Major)."

With others it was Arturis and Ariture, or the Carlwaynesterre from the early confusion in applying the title Arcturus to Charles' Wain as well as to Bootes and its lucida (brightest star in the constellation).

Prominent as this star always has been, and one of the few to which the second-century Greek astronomer Ptolemy assigned a name, yet its position has greatly varied in the drawings; {p.102} indeed in the earliest it was located outside of the figure and so described in the Syntaxis. It has been put on the breast; in the girdle, whence, perhaps, came the 17th century German astronomer Bayer's Arctuzona; on the leg; between the knees, — Robert Recorde, the first English writer on astronomy, in 1556 mentioning in the Castle of Knowledge the "very bryghte starre called Arcturus, which standeth between Bootes his legges"; and, as some of its titles denote, on the weapon in the hand. But since Durer's time it has usually marked the fringe of the tunic.

[Star NamesTheir Lore and Meaning, Richard Hinckley Allen, 1889].


 

According to E W Bullinger (The Witness of the Stars ), a biblical interpreter of the constellations, the ancient Egyptians called Bootes Smat, which means one who rules, subdues, and governs. They also called him Bau, which means also "the coming one". [Robson*]

The star Arcturus by Isidore of Seville:

Arctophylax (i.e. the 'bear-keeper') is so named because it follows Arctos, that is, the Great Bear (Ursa Major). People have also called this constellation Bootes, because it is attached to the Wain (Ursa Major). It is a very noticeable sign with its many stars, one of which is Arcturus. Arcturus is a star located in the sign of Bootes beyond the tail of the Great Bear. For this reason it is called Arcturus, as if it were the Greek arktos oura (i.e. 'tail of the bear'), because it is located next to the heart of Bootes. It rises in the season of autumn.” [The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, 7th century AD, p.105.]


Respuesta  Mensaje 12 de 39 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:40

I’ve sug­ges­ted else­where that there’s a link between some stel­lar events and the schedul­ing of fest­ivals in archaic Greece. What I haven’t had is a nice bit of text say­ing this. At least not till now. While wait­ing for a cata­logue to come avail­able recently I star­ted brows­ing The Attic Fest­ivals of Demeter and Their Rela­tion to the Agri­cul­tural Year by Allaire Chandor Brumfield.

One of the fest­ivals she talks about is Pro­er­o­sia. This seems to be a sac­red plough­ing fest­ival held on Pyanep­sion 5 at Eleusis before the mys­ter­ies and this is firmly dated by his­tor­ical inscrip­tion. There is another clue as to when it’s held as she’s found a quote from Hesychius.

καὶ ὸ δε̂μος δὲ αύτὰ προαρκτούρια καλεῖ

 

The key bit is προαρκτούρια, proark­touria, before Arcturus. The date she uses for the heli­acal rising of Arcturus, the first appear­ance of Arcturus in the morn­ing sky, is Septem­ber 18. She cites a book I haven’t read for this, so I’ll have to look into it, but it seems approx­im­ately right. This is a bit of a prob­lem because the quote doesn’t match the inscrip­tion.

The earli­est match between Pyanep­sion 5 in the ancient Athenian cal­en­dar to the mod­ern cal­en­dar I can make is Septem­ber 19. To get this I’ve assumed that the sum­mer sol­stice was observed on June 18 as the same day as a new moon. This would sur­prise any­one famil­iar with mod­ern astro­nomy, because the sol­stice is around June 21. How­ever, this was not known in archaic Greece and for the days around the sol­stice the Sun appears to be rising over the same part of the hori­zon, so it is pos­sible that it was cel­eb­rated earlier or later by a few days from year to year. If, like most years the first New Moon was con­sid­er­ably after June 21, then Pyanep­sion 5 could be around what we would call Octo­ber 21. It doesn’t seem to pos­sible to have Arcturus rise before the Pro­er­o­sia if it is held in Pyanepsion.

Another answer she con­siders is one put for­ward by Mommsen that προαρκτούρια refers to the heli­acal set­ting of Arcturus which was, accord­ing to Columella, Octo­ber 29. This would fit the data and ensure that the Pro­er­o­sia was always before the Arcturus event, but as she notes it’s unusual for the set­ting of Arcturus to be men­tioned without spe­cify­ing the set­ting. Usu­ally if a star is men­tioned without fur­ther details if refers to its rising.

Com­par­ing it to other texts that men­tion Arcturus a set­ting inter­pret­a­tion remains dif­fi­cult. Hesiod in line 609 of Works and Days says “...when Orion and Sirius are come into mid-heaven, and rosy-fingered Dawn sees Arcturus, then cut off all the grape-clusters, Perses, and bring them home.” You can make a case for before the set­ting of Arcturus, make sure you’re ploughing’s done before he leaves because he’s the plough­man, but it smacks of excuse-making.

Bootes
Boötes from the cleaned Urano­graph­i­carum.

Adding to the con­fu­sion is some quer­ies over another inscrip­tion from Thorikos. We would expect it to be held in Pyanep­sion, because this was the sac­red plough­ing month. How­ever a stone from Thorikos put it in Boedromion, the month before Pyanep­sion. And also pos­sibly even in Metageit­nion, the month before that. As you ima­gine clas­si­cists would love to get their hands on the stone but they can’t. It’s been lost. And it was only tran­scribed by a farmer and appears to have a lot of errors in it anyway.

On the plus side I can at least now point to another fest­ival and say that there’s evid­ence that stel­lar cal­ib­ra­tion was used else­where. Yet it opens up far more ques­tions that will need look­ing into.

http://alunsalt.com/2006/08/31/stars-and-festivals/


Respuesta  Mensaje 13 de 39 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:41

The God of Science

Science is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material universe gained by observable facts. The sacred writings of all world religions basically contain a system of faith. Yet each do make statements within the province of science that provides a uniquely valid test to prove their authenticity. If their scientific observations are in reality superstitions reflective of the culture in which they were written, these so called sacred books are disqualified as the inspired Scripture of God. If, indeed, the scientific observations of any of these purported Holy Scripture agree with the facts of science today, then that Bible is the inspired Word of a true and living God. Why? The Creator and God of the universe is the God of science — the author of the scientific laws that govern His universe. Only the God of science could cause scientific facts to be recorded in a book —the Bible — hundreds or thousands of years before scientists discover them.

Only the Judeo-Christian Bible contains scientific facts that anticipated scientific discovery by hundreds and in some cases several thousand years. The following are examples of remarkable scientific observations found in the Judeo-Christian Bible.

What Holds the Earth Up?

Three thousand years ago the Hindu scriptures recorded the earth was resting on the backs of several huge elephants. The elephants were resting on the back of a very large turtle that was swimming in a sea. Greek mythology claims that the god Atlas was holding the earth on his shoulders. But our Bible says in Job 26:7 — "[God] hangeth the earth on nothing." What a remarkable statement of fact. The earth is suspended in space. Nothing is holding it up. Job wrote about the same time the Hindu Scripture was written. How did Job know this scientific fact? Only God could have revealed this to Job. The Old Testament prophets wrote as they were moved by the holy Spirit (2 Peter 1:21). The Judeo-Christian Bible is the inspired Word of God.

Flat Versus Round Earth

For thousands of years people believed the earth was flat. If one went too far, he would fall over the edge. This was taught in both Hindu and Buddhist scripture. In the 1500s, the first ship sailed around the world. This proved the earth was round. But the round earth was recorded in the Judeo-Christian Bible long before man discovered it in the 1500s.

The prophet Isaiah (40:22) spoke of the "circle of the earth." Solomon wrote, "He [God] set a compass [circle] upon the face of the deep." Proverbs 8:27. In our century, Arabs spoke of infidels being pushed over the edge into space. About 3,000 years ago, our Bible said the earth was round. This was not discovered until 500 years ago. Indeed, the Judeo-Christian Bible is the inspired Word of God.

Sun, Moon and Stars — Who? What?

Ancient people were afraid of the sun, moon and stars. They thought they were alive — that they were gods. But over 5,000 years ago, the Judeo-Christian Bible in the first chapter of Genesis pointed out that the sun, moon and stars were created by God. Remember, our God states that He is the one and only God. This proves the sun, moon and stars that He created are not gods.

Eclipses are an example of what people feared. An eclipse happens when the sun’s light is blocked by the earth or moon. The moon is bright because it reflects the sun’s light. But when the earth blocks that light, the moon looks like it is disappearing. Also, when the moon comes between the earth and the sun, it looks like the sun is disappearing.

This was frightening to people long ago. Some thought eclipses happened when the moon was mad at the earth and turned its face away. The Chinese believed that an eclipse was caused by a demon or some huge animal that ate the sun and then would give them up again. God told Jeremiah (10:2 KJ): "Thus saith the Lord, Learn not the way of the heathen, and be not dismayed at the signs of heaven; for the heathen are dismayed at them." God went on to reassure Jeremiah that the universe is under God’s control.

Later scientists learned that heavenly bodies were not alive and that man need not fear them. Thousands of years before scientists discovered that the planetary bodies were inanimate, the Judeo-Christian Bible contained this scientific fact.

The Bottom of the Ocean

Until modern times people thought the ocean floor was sandy like the desert and saucer shaped—deepest in the middle. This was even true of the pre-1900 geologists. But in the 1900s oceanographers found the sea had many deep valleys or canyons. The deepest canyons were called trenches. The Marianas Trench in the Pacific is so deep that if Mt. Everest (29,000 feet high) was dropped into it, the peak would still be a mile below the water’s surface. There are also underwater mountains. The Atlantic Ocean contains an undersea range of mountains 10,000 miles long.

In addition, 3,000 years ago the Judeo-Christian Bible spoke of the valleys and mountains of the sea. In Psalm 18:15 (NIV) David wrote of God being the creator of "the valleys of the sea." God asked Job (38:16 NIV): "Have you walked in the recesses [valleys] of the sea?" The prophet Jonah was thrown off a ship and spoke of falling to the bottom of the mountains in the sea (Jonah 2:6).

The Judeo-Christian Bible spoke of the valleys and mountains of the sea thousands of years before scientists discovered them. Indeed our Bible is the inspired Word of God.

The Paths of the Sea

In the 1800s, Matthew Maury, an officer in the United States Navy believed his Bible. As a Christian he loved to read the Bible. One day Maury was reading about the dominion man was given over the animals in Psalm 8. He was amazed that verse 8 spoke of the fish and all creatures that swim in the "paths of the sea." "Paths of the sea"— how could this be? He never knew there was such a thing. He was determined to find them. Maury discovered that the oceans have many paths or currents, which were like rivers flowing through the sea. Maury wrote the first book on oceanography and became known as "the pathfinder of the seas"— "The father of modern navigation."

Maury received his idea about ocean currents from reading Psalm 8:8 which was written about 3,000 years ago by King David. David wrote as he was moved by the Spirit of God and probably never actually saw an ocean.

Incidentally, Psalm 8:8 also spoke of fish in the "paths of the seas." All fishing boats make a good catch in the currents or paths of the sea. They have learned this is where the fish swim.

Lightning, Thunder and Rain

In ancient times, most religious scripture taught that lightning bolts were missiles thrown in anger by their gods.9 In China, Taoist scripture regarded the rainbow as a deadly rain dragon.10 In Confucius scripture, the goddess of lightning, Tien Mu, flashed light on intended victims to enable Lei Kung, the god of thunder to launch his deadly bolts accurately.11

Since rain is so necessary to life, ancient people pondered what caused it. Some tried to stab holes in the clouds with spears. The Vedas (Hindu scripture) advised to tie a frog with its mouth open to the right tree and say the right words and rain would fall.

Our Bible also talks about rain, lightning and storms. But it contains none of these superstitious ideas found in the other so- called scriptures. The Judeo-Christian Bible taught that earth’s weather followed rules and cycles. Genesis 8:22. "While the earth remaineth, seed time and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease."

Job stated (28:26): "God made decrees [rules] for the rain. And He set a way for the lightning of the thunder:" Centuries later, scientists began to discern the "rules for the rain" that Job talked about. Rainfall is part of a process called the water cycle. Here’s how the cycle works. The sun evaporates water from the ocean. That water vapor rises and becomes clouds. This water in the clouds falls back to earth as rain, collects in streams and rivers and makes its way back to the ocean. That process repeats itself again and again.

About 300 years ago, Galileo discovered this cycle. But amazingly the Scriptures described this cycle centuries before. The prophet Amos (9:6) wrote that God "calls for the water of the sea. He pours them out on the land." How did Amos know this? He wrote as he was moved by the Spirit of God.

Actually, scientists are just beginning to fully understand God’s "decrees or rules for the rain." Since 68 BC it was thought that somehow thunder triggered the rainfall. Now scientists are beginning to realize that as stated in Job 28:26, it is lightning that triggers the rain to fall. Job knew this 3,000 years ago. Certainly his writings were inspired of God (2 Peter 1:21).

Pleiades, Orion and Arcturus
pleides.jpg (5429 bytes)

Remember the story of Job? Job was extremely wealthy — enjoying a wonderful family. Then tragedy struck. He lost his wealth. His children were killed and his wife deserted him. Then Job lay in excruciating pain, covered with sores from head to toe. All this was too much for Job. He accused the Lord of being unjust. God didn’t answer Job’s accusation directly. He merely raised questions concerning the wonders of His creation. Three of these questions found in Job 38:3132, illustrate the dynamic logic conveyed in God’s questions.

Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion? Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons?

ORION

"Canst thou . . . loose the bands of Orion?" Garrett P. Serviss, the noted astronomer, wrote about the bands of Orion12 in his book CURIOSITIES OF THE SKY.

At the present time this band consists of an almost perfect straight line, a row of second-magnitude stars about equally spaced and of the most striking beauty. In the course of time, however, the two right-hand stars, Mintaka and Alnilam, will approach each other and form a naked-eye double; but the third, Alnitak, will drift away eastward so that the band will no longer exist.

In other words, one star is traveling in a certain direction at a certain speed, a second one is traveling in a different direction at a second speed, and the third one is going in a third direction and at a still different speed. Actually every star in Orion is traveling its own course, independent of all the others. Thus, these stars that we see forming one of the bands of Orion are like three ships out on the high seas that happen to be in line at the present moment, but in the future will be separated by thousands of miles of ocean. In fact, all these stars that at the present time constitute the constellation of Orion are bound for different ports, and all are journeying to different corners of the universe, so that the bands are being dissolved.

THE PLEIADES

"Canst thou bind the sweet influence of the Pleiades . . . ?" Notice the amazing astronomical contrast with the Pleiades. The seven stars of the Pleiades are in reality a grouping of 250 suns. Photographs now reveal that 250 blazing suns in this group are all traveling together in one common direction. Concerning this cluster, Isabel Lewis of the United States Naval Observatory tells us: 13

Astronomers have identified 250 stars as actual members of this group, all sharing in a common motion and drifting through space in the same direction.

Elsewhere Lewis speaks of them as "journeying onward together through the immensity of space."

From Lick Observatory came this statement of Dr. Robert J. Trumpler:14

Over 25,000 individual measures of the Pleiades stars are now available, and their study led to the important discovery that the whole cluster is moving in a southeasterly direction. The Pleiades stars may thus be compared to a swarm of birds, flying together to a distant goal. This leaves no doubt that the Pleiades are not a temporary or accidental agglomeration of stars, but a system in which the stars are bound together by a close kinship.

Dr. Trumpler said that all this led to an important discovery. Without any reference whatsoever to the Book of Job, he announced to the world that these discoveries prove that the stars in the Pleiades are all bound together and are flying together like a flock of birds as they journey to their distant goal. That is exactly what God said. "Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades?" In other words, Canst thou keep them bound together so that they remain as a family of suns?

INCREDIBLE! God's laws of cosmology are loosing or dissolving the constellation Orion. Sometime in the far distant future, Orion will be no more. Conversely, wonder of wonders — every last one of the 250 blazing suns in the Pleiades are ordained of God to orbit together in their symmetrical beauty throughout eternity.

ARCTURUS

"Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons?" Garrett P. Serviss wrote:15

Arcturus, one of the greatest suns in the universe, is a runaway whose speed of flight is 257 miles per second. Arcturus, we have every reason to believe, possesses thousands of times the mass of our sun. Think of it! Our sun is traveling only 12 ½ miles a second, but Arcturus is traveling 257 miles a second. Think then of the prodigious momentum this motion implies.

A further observation of Arcturus by Serviss reveals: 16

It could be turned into a new course by a close approach to a great sun, but it could only be stopped by collision head on with a body of enormous mass. Barring such accidents, it must, as far as we can see, keep on until it has traversed our stellar system, whence it may escape and pass out into space beyond to join perhaps one of those other island universes of which we have spoken.

Charles Burckhalter, of the Chabot Observatory, added an interesting note regarding this great sun: 17

This high velocity places Arcturus in that very small class of stars that apparently are a law unto themselves. He is an outsider, a visitor, a stranger within the gates; to speak plainly, Arcturus is a runaway. Newton gives the velocity of a star under control as not more than 25 miles a second, and Arcturus is going 257 miles a second. Therefore, combined attraction of all the stars we know cannot stop him or even turn him in his path.

When Mr. Burckhalter had his attention called to this text in the book of Job, he studied it in the light of modern discovery and made a statement that has attracted worldwide attention:18

The study of the Book of Job and its comparison with the latest scientific discoveries has brought me to the matured conviction that the Bible is an inspired book and was written by the One who made the stars.

The wonders of God’s universe never cease to amaze us. Arcturus and his sons are individual runaway suns that seem to be out of orbit in our galaxy. Traveling at such incredible speeds, why don’t they crash with other suns or planets? Where are they headed? Only God knows. Indeed they are not runaways. They will not crash. Why? God is guiding them.

The Lesson of The Pleiades, Orion, and Arcturus

Few have suffered the multiple tragedies of Job. How could God reach through the enormity of Job’s self-pity? (Job thought God just didn’t care.) In these three questions (Job 38:3132) God is in reality saying:

Job, you think I am not concerned about your suffering. Well, let Me ask you these questions. Can you loose the bands of Orion? No, you cannot. But My Divine power will. Some day Orion will no longer exist. Job, can you bind the 250 stars of the Pleiades together in their symmetry of beauty and not have a single one drift off? Only I have this power and wisdom. Can you prevent the runaways — Arcturus and his sons — from colliding as they go dashing out of the Milky Way? No, only My Divine power and wisdom can.

Job, if I am caring for the details of the universe, do you doubt that I not only care for the details of your life, but I have the ability to solve your problems? Trust that there is a good reason I am permitting these tragedies. Remember, Job, I work from the perspective of your eternal welfare.

What an awesome way God chose to tell Job that He was in full control of human affairs, including Job's life!

The Lesson of Job for Us

Some write off the history of Job as Old Testament folklore. Whoever heard of God talking to a man! These are hand-me-down tales! However, the account of Job cannot be gainsaid. Whatever the method of communication used by God, the astonishing facts cannot be refuted. These scientific facts recorded in the book of Job concerning the Pleiades, Orion and Arcturus anticipated scientific discovery by nearly 3,000 years. Scientists only discovered these startling facts in the Twentieth Century, yet they were recorded in the book of Job nearly 3000 years ago. What an awesome confirmation of the Bible! Who can doubt the Bible is the inspired word of God? Yes, the book of Job has a powerful, exclusive lesson for modern man. Twentieth Century science has proven God’s Word, the Bible, is true.

Other Sacred Books and the Physical Sciences

The Hindu scriptures, the Vedas and Uparushads, consider that "all the objects and phenomena of nature which man is surrounded, are animate and divine."19 This includes the sun, moon, earth, clouds, rain, rivers, seas and rocks as being alive. Writers of the Buddhist canon also ascribe life to numerous non-living objects— sun, moon, lightning, rainbows, mountains, etc. The Taoist and Confucian writings of China contain similar errors.

The Koran, the scripture of Islam, written 1,500 years after the Hindu scripture, does not contain many of the ancient superstitions. Yet its observations of the universe are seriously flawed. The Koran speaks of seven literal heavens which are solid.20 These heavens contain lamps or stars whose main purpose is to be "darted at the devils."21 Mohammed wrote that "the sun sets in a sea of black mud."22

Which Bible is Inspired by a Living God?

The Judeo-Christian Scripture made scientific observations that were confirmed centuries later by modern science, while the sacred scripture of other world religions merely reflected the scientific superstitions of their culture. How could the Judeo-Christian Scripture anticipate scientific discovery by 3,000 years? The Judeo-Christian Bible was written by men who were inspired by the Creator and God of the Universe — the God of science. Only the Judeo-Christian Bible is the Divine Revelation provided by our infinite Creator to direct us in the path to eternity.

 


Respuesta  Mensaje 14 de 39 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:41
(heb. {sh y {ayish, "guarda de los osos").
Término astronómico que aparece en Job 9:9 y 38:32 (RV 1909).  Las palabras
hebreas no se pueden identificar con certeza.  Algunos piensan que representan la
constelación de la Osa Mayor (RVR, BJ, NBE, LPD, DHH); otros, Leo (El León). 
"Arcturo", una palabra latinizada tomada del gr. Arktóuros ("cuidador de osos"),
designa la estrella de primera magnitud que parece seguir a la constelación de la Osa
Mayor en su circuito diario por el cielo del hemisferio norte. La evidencia actual indica
que la palabra hebrea traducida por "Arcturo" se refiere a la constelación de la Osa
Mayor, y que sus "hijos" son las estrellas individuales de su constelación
(posiblemente las 7 más brillantes, las que componen el Carro de la Osa Mayor).
Bib.: E. W. Maunder, The Astronomy of the Bible [La astronomía de la Biblia] (Nueva

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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:42

Bootes

the Herdsman, the Ploughman, the Ox Driver, or the Shepherd

Bootes
Urania's Mirror 1825

Bootes is the cultivator or Ploughman who drives the Bears, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor around the Pole Star, Polaris. The bears, tied to the Polar Axis, are pulling a plough behind them, tilling the heavenly fields "in order that the rotations of the heavens should never cease".

"It is said that Bootes invented the plough to enable mankind to better till the ground and as such, perhaps, immortalizes the transition from a nomadic life to settled agriculture in the ancient world. This pleased Ceres, the Goddess of Agriculture, so much that she asked Jupiter to place Bootes amongst the stars as a token of gratitude". [The New Patterns in the Sky, Julius D.W. Staal, p.152].

Bootes is the ox-driving Ploughman or Herdsman, from Latin Bootes, from Greek Boötes, plowman, from Greek botein (or bootein), to plow, from bous, cow, from the Indo-European root *gwou- [American Heritage Dictionary]. 

Allen (Star Names) says the word Bootes "has been variously derived: some say from Bous, 'ox', + Greek -othein, 'to drive'". [The suffix -othein is related to the suffix -mosis in the words; osmosisendosmosisexosmosis].

Bootes seems to be both the cow-herder and also the cow (Taurus is a Bull, not a cow). Bootes is related to Old French bovier, herdsman, from Latin bovis, genitive of bos, cow, from the Indo-European root *gwou- 'Cow'. Derivatives: cow¹ (Latin bosbovis, Greek bous, Sanskrit gau, gaus), kinecowslipbeefbovinebugle¹ (these words from Latin bos, stem bov-), buccinator (the buccinator muscles hold in our cheeks during whistling and forceful blowing as in playing a trumpet, hence, the 'trumpeter' muscles, from Latin bucina, horn, trumpet, from *bou-kan-, 'bellower'), Boötesbucolic (a farmer or shepherd; a rustic), bulimia (excessive or insatiable appetite), butterbutyric (butyric acid, occurs in the normal vaginal secretions of primates, including humans, from Greek bous, ox, bull, cow), buffaloGurkha. [Pokorny gwou- 482. WatkinsKlein relates Gautama (Buddha's epithet) to this root.

The above root might be related to Gaea or Gaia 'earth', or goddess of the earth, Mother Earth, whence geography.

Gus [from the Indo-European root *gwou- 'Cow'] has in Sanskrit the two meanings ‘cow’ and ‘earth.’ In Greek , ‘earth’ can be traced to this word [as well as Gaea, the Greek goddess of the earth.]” The Rigveda-Aryans, like the Iranians, have given the primeval cow this place in their mythology and compare her nourishing to the nourishing earth and call the earth “cow” so often in their hymns, that the Sanskrit word , cow, also has the meaning earth. [Investigations into Germanic Mythology, Viktor Rydberg, Vol. II, p.18]

Arctophylax is a Greek title for Bootes, and John F. Blake in Astronomical Myths, 1877, thought that the original title of this constellation in all probability was 'Arcturus'.

"Arctophylax, on earth Bootes named" [Aratos 3rd century B.C].

Arctophylax (i.e. the 'bear-keeper') is so named because it follows Arctos, that is, the Great Bear (Ursa Major). People have also called this constellation Bootes, because it is attached to the Wain (Ursa Major). It is a very noticeable sign with its many stars, one of which is Arcturus. Arcturus is a star located in the sign of Bootes beyond the tail of the Great Bear. For this reason it is called Arcturus, as if it were the Greek arktos oura (i.e. 'tail of the bear'), because it is located next to the heart of Bootes. It rises in the season of autumn.” [The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, 7th century AD, p.105.]

The word 'Bootes' actually means 'cow-driver', but in connection with the two Bears (Ursa Major and Ursa Minor) he is often seen as a Bear Driver or Bear Herder (Arctophylax) who chases the Bears around the pole star, Polaris. The prefix Arcto- is from Greek arktos, and related to Latin Ursa, bear. The suffix -phylax is from Greek phulax, from Greek phulasseinphulasso, 'watcher, guard, sentry-keeper'. A phylax was a guard or watchman in ancient Rome, phylaxis relates to the defense of the body against infection, from Greek phulakterion ‘amulet’, prophylaxis is preventive treatment of disease.

“A gazo-phylacium is a strongbox in a temple where what is given for the needs of the poor is gathered. The term is a composite from Persian and Greek, for gaza in Persian means 'treasury,' and phulakion in Greek means 'custody.' [The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, 7th century AD, p.401.]

Manilius (Astronomica, 1st century AD, see below) said of Bootes:

"fortune herself makes bold to entrust her treasures, so that the wealth of monarchs and temple finances will be in their keeping".

Another suggestion for the root of Greek phylaxphulaxphulasso, is given by Strong's Greek Dictionary; "probably from phule which is translated from Greek as 'an offshoot, i.e. race or clan, kindred, tribe'". Greek phule comes from the Indo-European root *bheue- Also bheu-. 'To be, exist, grow, pertaining to nature'. Derivatives: beforebearbondagebound4 (on the way somewhere), bustle¹husband ('house' + Old Norse buandi from bua  'to dwell'), booth (bothe, market stall), buildboodle (estate, from Middle Dutch bodel, riches, property), physicphysician (physikoi were early Greek philosophers who also taught medicine, and eventually their name was applied to doctors), physicsphysio-, physique, -phytephytphyto- (plant), phyton (the smallest unit of plant structure), diaphysis (the shaft of a long bone), epiphysis (epi, -on + physis, growth. The pineal organ), hypophysis (from hupophuein, to grow up beneath. The pituitary gland), imp (a mischievous child, also to furnish with wings), eisteddfod (an annual competitive festival of Welsh poets and musicians), bothy (a hut or small cottage, from Old Irish both, a hut). Suffixed form *bhu-tu-; future (from Latin futurus, 'that is to be'), bower¹ ('dwelling space'), neighbor (from Old English neahgeburneah, near + gebur, dweller), Boerboor (from Middle Dutch gheboerghebuer, peasant, dweller, especially farmer), byre (a barn for cows, from Old English byre, stall, hut), bylawphyle (a large citizens' organization based on kinship), phyletic (relating to the evolutionary descent and development of a species or group of organisms), phylo-, phylum (from Greek phulon ‘race’, a major taxonomic rank, humans are in the phylum Chordata), phylogeny (the evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping of organisms. Also called phylogenesis. The historical development of a tribe or racial group, from Greek phulon, tribe, class, race, and phule, tribe, clan), beam (from Old English bam, tree, beam, 'growing thing'), boom² (from Middle Dutch boom, tree, maybe related to boom1 a deep sound), bumpkin¹bumpkin² (from Flemish boom, tree). [Pokorny bheu- 146. WatkinsKlein adds the second element in these words to this root: dubious, probate, prove, superb, tribe, tribune, tribute.

Along with -phylax of Arctophylax being related to *bheue-, it has been suggested that the word Bootes itself may also be linked to this root - a suggested link with Bootes and Dutch boor. In any case there is a phonetic and semantic correspondence with some of the *bheue- words and Bootes: The name Booth is an English place-name for the man who lived in a small hut or bothy from the Middle English word bothe, and usually designated a cowman or shepherd [1]. Byre is a barn for cows.

Physis was a primeval god or goddess of the origin and ordering of nature. The primal being of creation was regarded as both male and female. See Physis (or Phusis).

"O Natura [Phusis, nature], mighty mother of the gods [Gaia (see above) is probably meant], and thou, fire-bearing Olympus’ lord [Zeus] ... why dost thou dwell afar, all too indifferent to men, not anxious to bring blessing to the good, and to the evil, bane?"  [Seneca, Phaedra 959]

"Then Phusis (Nature), who governs the universe and recreates its substance [after the world-shattering battle between Zeus and Typhoeus], closed up the gaping rents in earth’s broken surface, and sealed once more with the bond of indivisible joinery those island cliffs which had been rent from their bed." [Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2. 650 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) http://www.theoi.com/Protogenos/Phusis.html]


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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:43

The word Bootes was seen as related to Greek boetes which seems to have meant a loud voice. According to Allen (Star Names) "Others thought the word Boetes, Clamorous, transcribed as Boetes, descriptive of the shouts of the Driver to his Oxen (the Bears), or the calls of encouragement to the Hounds" (Canes Venatici), hence the constellation had been sometimes called 'Vociferator' and 'Clamator'. "Bootes is related to the ancient Greek verb BoaoBoo. It means 'roar', 'make a loud roaring noise' and 'command in a loud roaring way'" [from a Greek lady who wrote to me]. Latin has the word bovinor 'bellow', bovo, 'I roar'. Boo originally was an imitation of a cow’s lowing [1]. The word boom, a deep sound, might be related.

Titles for Bootes were Latin ClamansClamator from Latin clamorous. As a calendar sign it was first mentioned by Hesiod (Allen Star Names). Bootes who invented the plough could represent the transition from a nomadic life to settled agriculture (as Julius Staal suggested). In order to establish his territory, the aspiring farmer would have needed to make a claim. The claiming of territory has associations with cows as in the Greek myth of Cadmus, who after consulting the oracle was ordered to follow a special cow with a half moon on her flank, which would meet him, and to build a town on the spot where she should lie down exhausted, it guided him to Boeotia, he named the place Boeotia, after the word 'cow' (bos) [2]. A bovate (from Latin bos) is an archaic term for a measure of land also known as an oxgang. It was 1/8 of a ploughgate or as much land as one ox could plough in a year [3]. The word low 'to make the sound of a cow' is related to the word claim. 'Claim' comes from the Indo-European root *kela-2 'To shout'. Derivatives: low² ('to make the sound of a cow'), claimclamantclamorclamorousacclaimdeclaimexclaimproclaim (from Latin clamare, to call, cry out), haul (from Old French haler, to haul). Suffixed form *kal-yo-conciliate (to overcome the distrust or animosity of), council (con-caliom), reconcile (from Latin concilium, a meeting, gathering < 'a calling together' con-, together, + caliom, to call). Suffixed form *kal-end-; calendarcalends (from Latin kalendae, Greek kaleo 'to call'), ecclesia (ek-, out + kalein, to call, ecclesiastical), Paraclete (para- + kalein, literally ‘to call to your side’, the word appears a few times in the New Testament and, as a title for the Holy Spirit), intercalate (to insert a day or month in a calendar), nomenclator (one who assigns names, from Latin calare, to call, call out), clearglair (the white of an egg), clairvoyant ('clear seeing'), declareéclair (from Latin clarus, bright, clear), claretclarifyclass (from Latin classis, summons, division of citizens). [Pokorny 6. kel- 548. Watkins]

Icarus, or Icarius, also was a title for Bootes, the name relates to the story of the farmer Icarius who welcomed Dionysus to Attica and in return received the gift of the vine, or received the secret of wine-making from the god. Icarius gave wine to the neighboring shepherds, but when they became intoxicated they thought Icarius had poisoned them, and so they slew him [3].

Bootes is associated with Icarius who was the first man to learn the cultivation of grapes and their fermentation into wine. The traditional astrological influences for Bootes; "likes fine wine". In view of Bootes association with liquor, the word booze, or bouse, might belong here, from Middle English bous, a drink. 'Bootleg' is illegal liquor and refers to the notion of smuggling liquor in one's boot [4]. Boots are generally worn by farmers. To say a man is "in his boots" implies that he is very drunk.

Bootes could also relate to another mythological character named IcarusIcarus was famous for his death by falling into the Icarian Sea near Icaria, the island that still bears his name. He was the son of Daedalus, the master craftsman. According to Ovid's description of him he appears to have been a very young boy, whose playful antics hindered his father's work [5]. Daedalus made artificial wings for himself and Icarus. Icarus flew too close to the sun, melting the wax holding his artificial wings together, causing him to fall into the Icarian sea and drown. From the Indo-European root above, *bheue-, there is the word imp which along with meaning a mischievous child, it also means to furnish with wings, and it was used in the context of grafting new feathers onto the wings of a trained falcon or hawk to repair damage or increase flying capacity.

Some see the word boy as deriving from the root *gwou-, related to English bovine and cow. "Boy from French *imboiare, a compound verb based on Latin boiae 'leather collar, fetter,' which was adapted from Greek boeiai dorai 'oxhides' (hence 'ox-leather thongs'), from bous 'ox'." [John Ayto, Dictionary of Word Origins]

As has been suggested Bootes may immortalize the transition from a nomadic life to settled agriculture in the ancient world. The aspiring farmer who made claims on land would need to guard his property and produce against those who had still remained nomads, at least before bylaws became established. Titles for Bootes were Greek Arktophulax, translated 'the Bear-watcher' and the 'Bear-guard', from Greek phulax, 'watcher, guard, sentry-keeper'. A phylax was a guard or watchman in ancient Rome, and in earlier Chaldea Arcturus was identified with Papsukal, the Guardian Messenger. The name of the alpha star, Greek Arktouros, Latin Arcturus, was often interchanged with the name of the constellation. The suffix -urus is from Greek ouros, 'watcher, guard, ward'. This -ouros root is related to the word guard in the Germanic languages. Manilius below says "those born under Arctophylax - Arcturus, ... are charged with the guardianship of the people or, as the stewards of grand houses. The suffix -urus of Arcturus is from the Indo-European root *wer-4 'To perceive, watch out for'. Derivatives: waryawareware²wardlord (from hlaf, loaf of bread + weard, warder), steward (a steward was a sty-ward, warder of pigs), stewardesswarder²wardenawardrewardwardrobewarderguardgarderoberegardguardianrearward²ware¹beware. From the Greek root ourosArcturuspylorus (pylorus  pule, gate + ouros, guard; the passage at the lower end of the stomach that opens into the duodenum, from Greek ouros, a guard. In myth Pylos is the gate to the underworld). Probably variant *(s)wor-, *s(w)or-ephor (elected magistrates exercising a supervisory power over the kings of Sparta), panorama (pan- + Greek horan, to see), revere¹ (to regard with awe, from Latin vereri, to respect, feel awe for). [Pokorny 8. wer- 1164. WatkinsEdward (composed of the Anglo-Saxon elements ead 'riches, prosperity, happiness' and weard 'protector'), Stuart from steward.

"Old Oxherd was on guard with unsleeping eyes, in company with the heavenly Serpent [Draco] of the Arcadian Bear [Ursa Minor], looking out from on high for some nightly assault of Typhon" [DIONYSIACA BOOK 2]

Bootes has been identified with Philomelus, or Philomelos, 'Friend of Ease' [6], or Philomenus, whose brother Plutus was very wealthy, but gave none of his riches to his brother. Out of necessity Philomenus bought two oxen, invented the wagon or plough, and supported himself by ploughing his fields and cultivating crops. His mother, Demeter (Ceres), admiring him for this, put him in the heavens as the constellation Bootes, his wagon or plough being the constellation Ursa Major. [7]:

"[Constellation Waggoner] Hermippus, who wrote about the stars, says that Ceres [Demeter] lay with Iasion (Jason), son of Thuscus. Many agree with Homer that for this he was struck with a thunderbolt. From them, as Petellides, Cretan writer of histories, shows, two sons were born, Philomelus and Plutus, who were never on good terms, for Plutus, who was richer, gave nothing of his wealth to his brother. Philomelus, however, compelled by necessity, bought two oxen with what he had, and became the inventor of the wagon. So, by plowing and cultivating the fields, he supported himself. His mother, admiring his invention, represented him plowing among the stars, and called him Bootes" [Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 4 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Bootes.html ]

"[On inventions:] The ox and the plough [were invented] by Buzyges (Ox-Yoker) of Athens, or, as others say, by Triptolemus." [N.B. Bouzyges is the same as Bootes.] [Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7. 199 [8]]

The second and third centuries Hermetic documents attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, or the Egyptian deity Thoth, were translated by G.R.S. Mead in 1906. In the The Mystery Myth section it tells how Isis went to see her son Horus who was being reared at Boutos. Mead comments "Generally supposed to stand for the city Buto, but may be some word-play. Can it be connected with Bootes, the Ploughman—the constellation Arcturus—the voyage being celestial. Budge (p. 192) gives its [Bootes] Egyptian equivalent as Per-Uatchiti.e. 'House of the Eye'". Buto was a cobra-goddess whose original home and cult center was in the Delta of the Nile at Per-Uatchit. The 'House of the Eye' might mean to be translated 'the Watcher'. The Uatchit, of Per-Uatchit looks like it could be pronounced 'watchit'. Buto was a cobra-goddess or sometimes was depicted in art as a woman wearing the uraeus. The uraeus is a cobra-headdress which the Greeks called ouraios [similar to Greek ouros, a guard? Arct-urus]. Wikipedia (quoting Herod. ii. 155, and Aelian. V. Hist. ii. 41) says that the Greeks identified the goddess Wadjet (Buto) with Leto, mother of Apollo and Artemis, whom the Romans called Latona.

The astrological influences of the constellation given by Manilius:

"True is the name men have given him (the Bearwarden), threatening-like he presses forward as one does over a team of bullocks." [Manilius, Astronomica, 1st century AD, book 5, p.29.]

"To those born under Arctophylax - Arcturus, fortune herself makes bold to entrust her treasures, so that the wealth of monarchs and temple finances will be in their keeping [translator's note: custodianship is a suitable endowment for the Bearward]; they will be kings under kings and ministers of state [politicians], and be charged with the guardianship of the people or, as the stewards of grand houses, they will confine their business to the care of another's home." [Translator's note: strictly speaking Arcturus is a star, but the name is used by ancient astrologers for the whole constellation of Bootes and for the star alone, it is often difficult to distinguish which of these the authors are referring to]." [Manilius, Astronomica, 1st century AD, book 5, p.329.]

"...as the stewards of grand houses, they will confine their business to the care of another's home".  It was the serving of wine to neighboring shepherds that caused Icarius (above) to lose his life. The association with wine, and being "the stewards of grand houses" (domibusve), should mean what we now term 'butlers'. The butler or bottler is the person who has charge of the liquors in a large establishment, so called from the French bouteiller, from bouteille. Though 'bottle' and 'butler' are not recognized cognate of 'Bootes', the words have a similar resonance. Dionysus, the god, showed Icarius his gratitude for his hospitality by teaching him the cultivation of the vine, and giving him bags filled with wine [9]. Wineskins or animal skins were a common vessel before glass bottles were invented.

"The role of the butler, for centuries, has been that of the chief steward of a household, the attendant entrusted with the care and serving of wine and other bottled beverages which in ancient times might have represented a considerable portion of the household's assets." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler

© Anne Wright 2008.


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Fixed stars in Bootes
Star 1900 2000 R A Decl 2000 Lat Mag Sp
kappa (κ) 28VIR34 29VIR57 14h 13m 29s +51° 47' 25" +58 53 52 4.60 A7
theta (θ) 01LIB13 02LIB36 14h 25m 11.8s +51° 51' 3" +60 06 57 4.06 F6
lambda (λ) 05LIB35 06LIB58 14h 16m 23s +46° 5' 18" +54 38 57 4.26 A1
Merga 38 14LIB03 15LIB26 14h 49m 18.7s +46° 6' 58" +57 53 03 5.76 F4
Seginus gamma (γ) 16LIB16 17LIB40 14h 32m 4.7s +38° 18' 30" +49 33 11 3.00 A7
Mufrid eta (η) 17LIB56 19LIB20 13h 54m 41.1s +18° 23' 52" +28 05 04 2.80 G0
rho (ρ) 19LIB19 20LIB42 14h 31m 49.8s +30° 22' 17" +41 42 40 3.78 K3
Arcturus alpha (α) 22LIB50 24LIB14 14h 15m 39.7s +19° 10' 57" +30 46 15 0.04 K2
Nekkar beta (β) 22LIB50 24LIB15 15h 1m 56.8s +40° 23' 26" +54 09 16 3.63 G5
Izar epsilon (ε) 26LIB42 28LIB06 14h 44m 59.2s +27° 4' 27" +40 37 42 2.70 K0
zeta (ζ) 01SCO39 03SCO02 14h 41m 8.9s +13° 43' 42" +27 52 56 3.86 A2
Princeps delta (δ) 01SCO45 03SCO09 15h 15m 30.2s +33° 18' 53" +49 03 09 3.54 G4
Alkalurops mu (μ) 01SCO47 03SCO11 15h 24m 29.4s +37° 22' 38" +53 25 31 4.47 A7
Ceginus phi (φ) 03SCO41 05SCO06 15h 37m 49.6s +40° 21' 12" +57 13 10 5.41 G5
Bootes
Hevelius, Firmamentum, 1690

from Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, 1889, Richard H. Allen

Bootes' golden wain.  —   Pope's Statius His Thebais.

Bootes only seem'd to roll

His Arctic charge around the Pole.   —   Byron's 3d Ode in Hours of Idleness.

Bootes, the Italians' Boote and the French Bouvier, is transliterated from Bootes, which appeared in the Odyssey, so that our title has been in use for nearly 3000 years, perhaps for much longer; although doubtless at first applied only to its prominent star Arcturus. Degenerate forms of the word have been Bootis and Bootres.

It has been variously derived: some say from Bous, Ox, and othein, to drive, and so the Wagoner, or Driverof the Wain Ursa Major; Claudian writing:

Bootes with the wain the north unfolds;

or the Ploughman of the Triones that, as Arator, occurs with Nigidius and Varro of the century before our era. But in recent times the figure has been {Page 93} imagined the Driver of Asterion and Chara in their pursuit of the Bear around the pole, thus alluded to by Carlyle in Sartor Resartus:

What thinks Bootes of them, as he leads his Hunting Dogs (Canes Venatici) over the zenith in their leash of sidereal fire ?

Others, and perhaps more correctly, thought the word Boetes, Clamorous, transcribed as Boetes, from the shouts of the Driver to his Oxen, — the Triones (the Bears; Ursa Major and Ursa Minor), — or of the Hunter in pursuit of the Bear; Hevelius suggesting that the shouting was in encouragement of the Hounds (Canes Venatici). In translations of the Syntaxis this idea of a Shouter was shown by VociferatorVociferansClamansClamatorPlorans, the Loud Weeper, and even, perhaps, by Canis latrans, the Barking Dog, that Aben Ezra applied to its stars in the Hebrew words Kelebh hannabah. The Arabians rendered their similar conception of the figure by Al ‘Awwa’, — Chilmead's Alhava.

The not infrequent title Herdsman, from the French Bouvier, also is appropriate, for not only was he associated with the Oxen of the Wain, but in Arab days the near-by circumpolar stars were regarded as a Fold with its inmates and enemies.

Other names were Arktophulax and Arktouros, the Bear-watcher and the Bear-guard, the latter first found in the Works and Days, "a Boeotian shepherd's calendar," by Hesiod, eight centuries before our era. But, although these words were often interchanged, the former generally was used for the constellation and the latter for its lucida (Arcturus), as in the Phainomena and by Geminos and Ptolemy. Still the poets did not always discriminate in this, the versifiers of Aratos confounding the titles notwithstanding the exactness of the original; although Cicero in one place definitely wrote:

Arctophylax, vulgo qui dicitur esse Bootes.

Transliterated thus, — or Artophilaxe and as Arcturus, both names are seen for the constellation with writers and astronomers even to the 18th century; Chaucer having "ye sterres of Arctour." The scientific Isidorus knew it as Arcturus Minor, his Major being the Greater Bear. Smyth derived this word from Arktou oura, the Bear's Tail, as Bootes is near that part of Ursa Major; but this is not generally accepted — indeed is expressly condemned by the critic Buttmann.

Statius also called it Portitor Ursae; Vitruvius had Custos and Custos Arcti, the Bear-keeper; Ovid, Custos Erymanthidos Ursae; the Alfonsine Tables, {Page 94} Arcturi Custos; while the Bear-driver is often seen with early English writers.

Although Manilius knew it in connection with the Bear, he changed the simile when he wrote:

whose order'd Beams

Present a Figure driving of his Teams;

and Aratos long before had united the two thoughts and titles:

Behind and seeming to urge on the Bear,

Arctophylax, on earth Bootes named,

Sheds o'er the Arctic car his silver light.

Plaustri Custos, the Keeper of the Wain, was another name for it that altered the character of Bootes' duties; Ovid following in this with:

interque Triones

FIexerat obliquo plaustrum temone Bootes .

It has been Lycaon, the father, or grandfather, of Kallisto, when that nymph was identified with Ursa Major; as well as Arcas, her son; Ovid distinctly asserting in the 2d of the Fasti that Arctophylax in the skies was the earthly Arcas, although it is often wrongly supposed that the latter is represented by Ursa Minor; it was Septentrio, from its nearness to the north, so taking one of the Bear's titles; and Atlas, because, near to the pole, it sustained the world.

Hesychios, of about A.D. 370, called it Orion, but this seems unintelligible unless originating from a misunderstanding of Homer's lines, translated by Lord Derby:

Arctos call'd the Wain, who wheels on high

His circling course, and on Orion waits, as if they were in close proximity. Or the title may come from some confusion with the Orus, or Horus, of the Egyptians, that was associated with both Orion and Bootes. La Lande alluded to this when he wrote:

Arctouros ou l'Orus voisin de 1'Ourse, pour le distinguer de la constellation meridionale d'Orion;

and, in considering this very different derivation of our word Arcturus, it should be remembered that Kandaus; and Kandaon were the titles also applied to Bootes, as the latter Greek word was to Orion by the Boeotians. It would be interesting to know more of this connection.

Philomelus is another designation, as if he were the son of the neighboring Virgo Ceres; and the early title Venator Ursae, the Hunter of the Bear, again {Page 95} appears as Nimrod, the Mighty Hunter before the Lord, with the biblical school of two or three centuries ago; although this was more usual for Orion.

Pastor, the Shepherd, presumably is from the Arabic idea of a Fold around the pole, or from the near-by flock in the Pasture towards the southeast, in our Hercules and Ophiuchus; or perhaps by some confusion with Cepheus, who also was a Shepherd with his Dog.


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Pastinator is Hyde's rendering of a supposed Arabic title signifying a Digger or Trencher in a vineyard. A commentator on Aratos called it Trugetes, the Vintager, as its rising in the morning twilight coincided with the autumnal equinox and the time of the grape harvest; Cicero repeating this in his Protrygeter; but both of these names better belonged to the star Vindemiatrix, our epsilon Virginis (Virgo).

Still its risings and settings were frequently observed and made much of in all classical days, and even beyond the Augustan age, although many, perhaps most, of these allusions were to its bright star. As a calendar sign it was first mentioned by Hesiod, thus translated by Thomas Cooke:

When in the rosy morn Arcturus shines,

Then pluck the clusters from the parent vines;

and again, but for a different season of the year:

When from the Tropic, or the winter's sun,

Thrice twenty days and nights their course have run;

And when Arcturus leaves the main, to rise

A star bright shining in the evening skies;

Then prune the vine.

Columella, Palladius, Pliny, Vergil, and others have similar references to Bootes, or to Arcturus, as indicating the proper seasons for various farm-work, as in the 1st Georgic:

Setting Bootes will afford the signs not obscure.

Icarus, or Icarius, also was a title for our constellation, from the unfortunate Athenian who brought so much trouble into the world by his practical expounding of Bacchus' ideas as to the proper use of the grape, and who was so unworthily exalted to the sky, with his daughter Erigone as Virgo, and their faithful hound Maera as Procyon or Sirius. From this story came the Icarii boves applied to the Triones (Ursa Major and Ursa Minor) by Propertius, and in the Andrews-Freund Lexicon to Bootes himself.

CeginusSeginus, and Chegninus, as well as the Cheguius of the Arabo-Latin Almagest, may have wandered here in strangely changed form from the neighboring Cepheus; although Buttmann asserted that they probably {Page 96} came, by long-repeated transcription and consequent errors, from Kheturus, the Arabian orthography for Arcturus. Bayer had Thegius, as usual without explanation; still I find in Riccioli's Almagestum NovumArabice Theguiusquasi plorans aut vociferans; but Arabic scholars do not confirm this.

La Lande cited Custos Boum, the Keeper of the Oxen, and Bubulus, or Bubulcus, the Peasant Ox-driver, although Ideler denied that the latter ever was used for Bootes. Juvenal, however, had it, and Minsheu defined Bootes as Bubulcus coelestis. Landseer, following La Lande, said that the Herdsman was the national sign of ancient Egypt, the myth of the dismemberment of Osiris originating in the successive settings of its stars; and that there it was called OsirisBacchus, or Sabazius, the ancient name for Bacchus and Noah; and that Kircher's planisphere showed a Vine instead of the customary figure, thus recalling incidents in the histories of those worthies, as well as of Icarius.

Homer characterized the constellation as opse duon, late in setting, a thought and expression now become hackneyed by frequent repetition.

Aratos had it:

he, when tired of day,

At even lingers more than half the night;

Manilius somewhat varying this by

Slow Bootes drives his ling'ring Teams;

Claudian, Juvenal, and Ovid, by tardus, slow, piger, sluggish, which their later countryman Ariosto, of the 16th century, repeated in his pigro Arturo; and Minsheu, in the 17th century, wrote of it as

Bootes, or the Carman, a slow moving starre, seated in the North Pole neere to Charles Waine, which it followes.

And all this because, as the figure sets in a perpendicular position, eight hours are consumed in its downward progress, and even then the hand of Bootes never disappears below the horizon — a fact more noticeable in early days than now. The reverse, however, takes place at its rising in a horizontal position; hence the athroos, "all at once", of Aratos.

Some say that these expressions of sluggishness are from its setting late in the season when the daylight is curtailed, or a reference to the natural gait of the Triones that Bootes is driving around the pole; while still others, more astronomically inclined, attributed them to his comparative nearness to

that point where slowest are the stars,

Even as a wheel the nearest to its axle,

that Dante wrote of in the Purgatorio.

{Page 97} Bootes' association with the Mons Maenalus, on which he is sometimes shown, is unexplained unless by the suggestion found under that constellation heading. This association was current even in early days, if Landseer be correct where he says:

Eusebius, quoting an ancient oracle which has apparent reference to this constellation as formerly represented, writes  —

A mystic goad the mountain herdsman bears.

Brown says that it was known in Assyria as Riu-but-same, "that reappears in Greek as Bootes"; and thus

"the idea of the ox-driving Ploughman or Herdsman, as applied to the constellation, is Euphratean in character".

Among its Arabian derivatives are Nekkar, often considered as Al Nakkar, the Digger, or Tearer, analogous to the classic Trencher in the vineyard; but Ideler showed this to be an erroneous form of Al Bakkar, the Herdsman, found with Ibn Yunus.

Alkalurops, which appeared for Bootes in the Alfonsine Tables as Incalurus, is from Kalaurops, a herdsman's Crook or Staff, with the Arabic article prefixed; this now is our title for the star mu (Alkalurops). The staff, ultimately figured as a Lance, gave rise to the name Al Ramih, which came into general use among the Arabians, but subsequently degenerated in early European astronomical works into AramechAriamech, and like words for the constellation as well as for its great star.

The same figure is seen in Al Hamil Luzz, the Spear-bearer, or, as Caesius had it, Al Kameluz, Riccioli's Kolanza, and the Azimeth Colanza of Reduan's translator, which Ideler compared to the Latin cum lancea and the Italian colla lancia. Similarly, Bayer said that on a Turkish map it was Oistophoros, the Arrow-bearer; and elsewhere Sagittifer and Lanceator.

Al Haris al Sama’ of Arabic literature originally was for Arcturus, although eventually applied to the constellation. But long before these ideas were current in Arabia, that people are supposed to have had an enormous Lion, their early Asad, extending over a third of the heavens, of which the stars Arcturus and Spica were the shin-bones; Regulus, the forehead; the heads of Gemini, one of the fore paws; Canis Minor, the other; and Corvus, the hind quarters.

In Poland Bootes forms the Ogka, or Thills, of that country's much-extended Woz Niebeski, the Heavenly Wain; and in the Old Bohemian tongue it was Przyczck, as unintelligible as it is unpronounceable.

{Page 98} The early Catholics knew it as Saint Sylvester; Caesius said that it might represent the prophet Amos, the Herdsman, or Shepherd Fig-dresser, of Tekoa; but Weigel turned it into the Three Swedish Crowns (representing Scandinavia).

Proctor asserted that Bootes, when first formed, perhaps included even the Crown, as we know that it did the Hunting Dogs (Canes Venatici); and that, so constituted,

"it exhibits better than most constellations the character assigned to it. One can readily picture to one's self the figure of a Herdsman with upraised arm driving the Greater Bear before him".

The drawing by Heis, after Durer, is of a mature man, with herdsman's staff, holding the leash of the Hounds (Canes Venatici); but earlier representations are of a much younger figure: in all cases, however, well equipped with weapons of the chase, or implements of husbandry; the earliest form of these probably having been the winnowing fan of Bacchus.

The Venetian Hyginus of 1488 shows the Wheat Sheaf, Coma Berenices, at his feet; Argelander's Uranometria Nova has different figures on its two plates — one of the ancient form, the other of the modern holding the leash of the Hounds (Canes Venatici) in full pursuit of the Bear Ursa Major.

This constellation and the Bear Ursa MajorOrion, the HyadesPleiades (Taurus), and Dog (Canis Major) were the only starry figures mentioned by Homer and Hesiod; the latter's versifier, Thomas Cooke, giving as a reason therefore — "the names of which naturally run into an hexameter verse"; but the general assumption that these great poets knew no other constellations does not seem reasonable, although it will be noticed that all those alluded to are identical with each author.

Bootes is a constellation of large extent, stretching from Draco to Virgo, nearly 50° in declination, and 30° in right ascension, and contains 85 naked-eye stars according to Argelander, 140 according to Heis.

Poises Arcturus aloft morning and evening his spear.

— Emerson's translation of Hafiz' To the Shah.

[Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, Richard H. Allen, 1889.]
 

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Adam and Eve and the Serpent

We are looking at the Zodiac where the sun passes through Libra and Virgo. There, we find our two original sinners and the talking snake. The story interprets the picture.

God formed beasts and birds, and brought them to the man to be named. - The term Zodiac means literally circle of animal figures.

9So out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field and every bird of the air, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them; and whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name. (Gen. 2:9)

God took a rib from the man and used it to create a woman. - Adam's arm is raised, exposing his rib cage.

21So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and while he slept took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh; >
22and the rib which the LORD God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. (Gen. 2:21)

The serpent asked Eve if she was told not to eat from the garden. -The serpent lies at the feet of Adam and Eve.

1Now the serpent was more subtle than any other wild creature that the LORD God had made. He said to the woman, "Did God say, 'You shall not eat of any tree of the garden'?" (Gen. 3:1)

Eve saw the fruit was good for food, so she picked it and ate it. She gave some to Adam. - Eve has her arm outstretched as if reaching for the fruit. She is holding a chaff of wheat, but we will not quibble over whether the fruit was an apple or some other kind of fruit.

6So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit and ate; and she also gave some to her husband, and he ate. (Gen. 3:6)

 

The serpent was cursed above all the wild animals. - There is a second serpent, one that circles around the North Pole every day without setting. That puts him above all the wild animals. In this position, he is glaring down on earth as if to be spreading evil.

14The LORD God said to the serpent, "Because you have done this, cursed are you above all cattle, and above all wild animals; (Gen. 3:14)

He shall bruise your head and you shall bruise his heel. - As Draco circles around the Pole, his head is either below or above Hercules' heel. The top position represents who is doing the bruising.

15I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her seed; he shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise his heel."(Gen. 3:15)

 

He drove out the man. At the east of the garden he placed a cherubim and a flaming sword. - We will pass over the cherubim for some other time. The flaming sword is represented by Perseus' sword as it circles around the Pole. We note that Perseus is close to the sun's ecliptic near Taurus and Aries. The significance is that those two constellations mark the two zero hours during the 4,000 years of biblical history, or more specifically, where the sun passes during the vernal equinox. So Perseus' sword is in a sense at the entrance to Eden.

24He drove out the man; and at the east of the garden of Eden he placed the cherubim, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life. (Gen. 3:24)

Salvation

What is equally significant is the fact that the foundation of the doctrine of Christian original sin rests on the credibility of the fall of Adam and Eve. (See Original Sin.) Now that we can see that the first sin was in imaginary story, there is nothing to support the doctrine of salvation.

The downfall of Adam and Eve and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden, by Michalangelo.


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De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:45
 

Cherubim

What are they? Ezekiel describes Cherubim as a composite of man, ox, lion and eagle. Opinions vary as to what they represent, or even if they are Cherubim. The According to one theory,  the man is Aquarius, the ox is Taurus, the lion is Leo and the eagle is Ophiuchus in Scorpio-claiming that the eagle is an ancient form of Ophiuchus. On the surface, it seems to make sense. Each of the constellations is three months apart as if they represent the four cardinal directions. It's bothersome that the writer doesn't explain his source of the claim that Ophiuchus is the eagle. Then there is the theory that based on the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, Scorpio is the man. This boundary stone below left shows a scorpion with a man's body. Below right, Wikipedia suggests Cherubim where originally statues found in pairs protecting doorways. That would apply as a statue representation.

10He rode on a cherub, and flew; he came swiftly upon the wings of the wind. (Psalm 18:10)

23The nave and the holy place had each a double door.
24The doors had two leaves apiece, two swinging leaves for each door.
25And on the doors of the nave were carved cherubim and palm trees, such as were carved on the walls; and there was a canopy of wood in front of the vestibule outside. (Ezek. 23-25)

I suggest that all of the above theories are false. The evidence on this page argues for Cherubim composed of Taurus the bull, Leo the lion, Orion the man and Aquila the eagle. Genesis tells us that Cherubim were stationed "to guard the way to the Tree of Life." The evidence will demonstrate that the way is the Milky Way. Each is stationed at a strategic point on the Milky Way: beginning, end and two flanks. There is a fifth constellation, Perseus with his sword, who guards the middle.

 

Drawing © Stephane Beaulieu
Used by permission

Cherubim described

Genesis tells us Cherubim were placed in the Garden of Eden to guard the way to the tree of life (not the Tree of Life itself). God placed a flaming sword turning every way to guard the way to the tree of life. In other words, there is a path of some sort to the Tree of Life. We will return to the sword later.

24He drove out the man; and at the east of the garden of Eden he placed the cherubim, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life(Gen. 3:24)

In chapter one, Ezekiel describes "living creatures" as having the face of a man in the front, the face of a lion on the right, the face of an ox on the left, and the face of an eagle at the back. He doesn't explicitly call them Cherubim. We need more information.

The cloud describes the Milky Way. "A stormy wind out of the north" means a spirit from the north side of the Zodiac. Of course, terms like "burning coals of fire" and "flash of lightning" refer to the stars.

4As I looked, behold, a stormy wind came out of the north, and a great cloud, with brightness round about it, and fire flashing forth continually, and in the midst of the fire, as it were gleaming bronze.
5And from the midst of it came the likeness of four living creatures. And this was their appearance: they had the form of men,
6but each had four faces, and each of them had four wings.
7Their legs were straight, and the soles of their feet were like the sole of a calf's foot; and they sparkled like burnished bronze.
8Under their wings on their four sides they had human hands. And the four had their faces and their wings thus:
9their wings touched one another; they went every one straight forward, without turning as they went.
10As for the likeness of their faces, each had the face of a man in front; the four had the face of a lion on the right side, the four had the face of an ox on the left side, and the four had the face of an eagle at the back.
11Such were their faces. And their wings were spread out above; each creature had two wings, each of which touched the wing of another, while two covered their bodies.
12And each went straight forward; wherever the spirit would go, they went, without turning as they went.
13In the midst of the living creatures there was something that looked like burning coals of fire, like torches moving to and fro among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and out of the fire went forth lightning.
14And the living creatures darted to and fro, like a flash of lightning(Ezek. 1:4-14)

The River of Heaven described

In the passage below, the river that interests us is the River Pishon. We recognize the Tigris and Euphrates. As for the River Gihon, the Zodiac has a second river in the southern hemisphere called the River Eridanus (not shown here).

10A river flowed out of Eden to water the garden, and there it divided and became four rivers.
11The name of the first is Pishon; it is the one which flows around the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
12and the gold of that land is good; bdellium and onyx stone are there.
13The name of the second river is Gihon; it is the one which flows around the whole land of Cush.
14And the name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Assyria. And the fourth river is the Euphrates. (Gen. 2:10-14)

3Now the cherubim were standing on the south side of the house, when the man went in; and a cloud filled the inner court.
4And the glory of the LORD went up from the cherubim to the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of the glory of the LORD. (Ezek. 10:3-4)

Ezekiel sees Cherubim by the river Chebar. Each has four faces and four wings. The firmament (celestial sphere) was over their heads. The best that I can make of the number four is that it represents four cardinal directions as the constellations rotate. The wheels symbolise the stars turning around the pole star.

15And the cherubim mounted up. These were the living creatures that I saw by the river Chebar.
16And when the cherubim went, the wheels went beside them; and when the cherubim lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the wheels did not turn from beside them.
17When they stood still, these stood still, and when they mounted up, these mounted up with them; for the spirit of the living creatures was in them. (Ezek. 10:15-17)

Ezekiel identifies the living creatures by the river Chebar as Cherubim.

20These were the living creatures that I saw underneath the God of Israel by the river Chebar; and I knew that they were cherubim.
21Each had four faces, and each four wings, and underneath their wings the semblance of human hands.
22And as for the likeness of their faces, they were the very faces whose appearance I had seen by the river Chebar. They went every one straight forward.
22Over the heads of the living creatures there was the likeness of a firmament, shining like crystal, spread out above their heads.
23And under the firmament their wings were stretched out straight, one toward another; and each creature had two wings covering its body. (Ezek. 10:20-23)

Putting it alltogether

We have a map of the north celestial sphere below and a lot of descriptions from Genesis and Ezekiel. For the thesis to work, the descriptions should fit the map. I started with the assumption that the Milky Way is the river of heaven by coloring it blue. If it is a wrong assumption, the other pieces won't fit. The picture is inverted from the way we would see it from earth. The arc at the bottom represents the sun's ecliptic rising above us. Assume a viewing position in the middle on earth looking up towards the arc in the south.

Three descriptions fit the Milky Way. Genesis says the River Pishon flows out of Eden - so does the Milky Way in the sense that it extends beyond the Zodiac. Ezekiel tells us to look for Cherubim by the River Chebar. Genesis says the Cherubim and the flaming sword are in Eden to guard the way to the Tree of Life - the Milky Way. The flaming sword is on the east side where Genesis placed it.

From our viewer position, as Ezekiel described, we see the face of Orion in front of us, the eagle in the back, the lion to the right, and the ox to the left. Cherubim are guarding the river of heaven, or as Genesis put it, the way to the Tree of Life. The Tree of Life will be identified below.

 

Revelation calls the Milky Way the "water of life" that flows "from the throne of God." To see where the throne is, follow Orion from the picture above to the picture below. At the high end of the Milky Way, the sun rises over Orion's body, to where his head would be. The outline of Lepus below looks like a throne, and the outline of Gemini looks like a pharaoh's hat.

1Then he showed me the river of the water of life, bright as crystal, flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb
2through the middle of the street of the city; also, on either side of the river, the tree of life with its twelve kinds of fruit, yielding its fruit each month; and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. (Rev. 22:1-2)

So then, the Milky Way is the river to the Tree of Life. In other parlance, it is the cloud of heaven from where Jesus will come to whisk believers off to heaven. It is the path that takes the souls of the dead to meet God. Perseus with his sword guards the river in the middle. The Cherubim guard the river at each end and at the sides. The lion is on the right and the ox is on the left, both watching the river. Orion, the man, guards the river by the front and Aquila the eagle guards the back. When the sun is at the summer solstice over Orion's body, God is said to be on his throne.

16"O LORD of hosts, God of Israel, who art enthroned above the cherubim, thou art the God, thou alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth; thou hast made heaven and earth. (Isa. 37:16)

Genesis places the Tree of Life in the midst of the garden. That would imply in the center at the pole. We can imagine the imaginary pole line as the trunk of the tree. The celestial sphere or firmament represents the branches. And, according to Revelation, the twelve constellations of the Zodiac are the fruit.

9And out of the ground the LORD God made to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. (Gen. 2:9)

 

The brightest stars in these constellations are
fairly bright. With #1 ranking as the brightest:

 

Aldebaran, 0.85 pale red, #14
Altair, 0.77, white, #12,
Betelgeuse 0.5 red, #10
Mirfak, 1.8, brilliant yellow, #33
Regulus 1.4 blue-white, #21

Perhaps they serve to light the way up
the River of Life.


Respuesta  Mensaje 21 de 39 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:46

Relativity on the Hudson
Flight 1549, Time Travel & Templar Bigfoot

by Goro (goroadachi.com & supertorchritual.com)
September 14, 2010 *(1/12/ 2010)

A blast from the past...


Flight 1549

'Miracle on the Hudson'
...

 
Jan 15, '09 US Airways Flight 1549 Crashes In Hudson River
Jan 18, '09 Jetliner lifted out of Hudson River


...was a 'time travel' event

reenacting

Planet of the Apes

...with special guest

Abraham Lincoln

  • Jan 15: Flight 1549 crash (Planet of the Apes)
  • Jan 17: Obama train ride to DC commemorating Lincoln
  • Jan 18: Obama concert & speech at Lincoln Memorial
  • Jan 20: Obama taking presidential oath on Lincoln's Bible




5-Day Gap

from Hudson Miracle to Obama inauguration expressing

'Time Travel'

via clocks shown in (original)

Planet of the Apes
('POTA')

POTA Time Information:

  • Earth Time: ~March 26, 2673 (~Mar 23-27 during scene)
  • Ship Time: July 14, 1972
  • Estimated departure time: ~Jan 14, 1972 ('6 months' ago)
    Reflected in Flight 1549 departure/crash on January 15
  • Days elapsed on ship since departure: ~182.5 days
  • Days elapsed on Earth since departure: ~256,107 days

We're dealing with two separate time streams here due to time dilation experienced on the spaceship traveling near the speed of light, i.e. time is slowed down on the ship per Einstein's

Special Theory of Relativity.

(This is why the astronauts comes back to a
 future Earth ruled by 'Bigfoots'.)

Based on the data provided we can calculate the precise time ratio:

  • 1 day on POTA ship = ~1403.326 days on earth
  • 1 day on earth = ~1.026 minutes on POTA ship

We now apply this to Flight 1549.

The actual flight time data:

  • Flight 1549 Departure: ~3:25:30 pm (+/- 30 sec)
  • Flight 1549 Crash: ~3:30:30 pm
  • Flight duration: ~5 minutes (+/- 30 sec)

Flight 1549 was in the air for approximately:

5 minutes.

On the POTA spaceship (relative to Earth) that translates to:

5 days.


(NOTE: 1 minute on POTA ship = ~0.97 earth day)

Precisely matching the 5-day gap between Flight 1549 and Obama's inauguration!

  • Jan 15: Flight 1549 crash reenacting Planet of the Apes
  • Jan 17: Obama train ride to DC mimicking Lincoln
  • Jan 18: Obama concert & speech at Lincoln Memorial
  • Jan 20: Obama taking presidential oath on Lincoln's Bible

*    *    *

Templar Entanglement


'National Treasure: Book of Secrets' (2007)

A movie all about the 
Lincoln assassination...

    

...and the Knights Templar Holy Grail.

An unexpected association dramatically confirmed by Flight 1549 'time travel'...

POTA Time Information:

  • POTA spaceship departure date: ~January 14, 1972
  • POTA 'Earth Date' in opening scene: ~March 26, 2673
  • Elapsed time: ~256,107 days (701 years, 2 months, ~12 days)

Applying the elapsed time to Flight 1549, we get a 'departure date' thus:

Flight 1549 (Jan 15, 2009) 256,107 days Oct 28, 1307

FACT: The Knights Templar were arrested in France October 1307 (directly leading to the order's dissolution in 1312)!

  • Oct 13, 1307: Large number of Templars arrested in France
  • Oct 24, 1307: Grand Master Jacques de Molay confession under torture (later retracted)

It was between 1307 and 1312 that a mysterious Templar artifact called 'Baphomet' surfaced, now popularly associated with the 'Satanic' (inverted) pentagram...

...which is a 'V'...


...which is a 
'Holy Grail' symbol popularized by The Da Vinci Code, signifying among other things the womb of Mary.

The Templars are traditionally seen as the 'guardians of the Holy Grail' a la the Arthurian 'Knights of the Round Table' prefiguring them in the grey zone between reality and fiction.

*    *    *

Templar Bigfoot

Lincoln's assassin John Booth enters the National Treasure: Book of Secrets opening sequence via a close-up shot of his boot or... 'big foot'.

In the same vein Flight 1549 and Obama's inauguration were followed several days later on January 25-26, 2009 by 'The Last Templar(original TV movie premiering on NBC) which could not be more obsessed with feet/shoes. (There was a hint of time travel as Templar knights were shown roaming the streets of a modern city.)

.
Last_Templar-pt1-shoes.gif (187566 bytes) Last_Templar-pt2-shoes.gif (185184 bytes)


Accompanied by 
U2 releasing 'Get on Your Boots' two days prior...

...with a thinly veiled Templar red cross on the cover.

Why?

What's the message behind the 
'Templar foot/boot'' signals?

The answer:

King Arthur

...who is at the heart of the Holy Grail continuum.

The name 'Arthur' derives from Arcturusthe brightest star in the constellation Boötes. Regardless of pronunciation ('boh-oh-teez'), that is our Templar Boot right there. Arcturus, after all, represents the left foot of Boötes!

Arthur = Arcturus = left foot of Boötes ('Boots')

King Arthur is a 'Templar Foot/Boot'

But is he a big foot (associated with time travel via POTA)? Most definitely. Again the answer is in his name 'Arthur' which is usually interpreted to mean 'bear-man' just like 'Yeti- another term for 'Bigfoot' - similarly meaning 'man-bear'!

Arthur = 'bear-man' = 'man-bear' = Yeti = Bigfoot


'Hoax' = 'hocus pocus' = 'hoc est corpus' ('this is the body') = eucharist/Holy Communion = Last Supper, Jesus saying 'this is my body' = Holy Grail/Philosopher's Stone

So on and so forth.

That's the hidden context. Now you know.

The expanded multicontextual awareness helps us go deeper into the rabbit hole and unravel the mystery of the spacetime continuum that is the Holy Grail.


*    *    *

*Above information was originally released January 12, 2010 on STRUG (Super Torch Ritual Underground) where knowledge moves faster than the speed of light. :)


Respuesta  Mensaje 22 de 39 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:48

LA ILUMINA-SION TIENE FUERTE NEXO CON EL PACTO EN CONTEXTO AL ARCA DE NOE

COLUMBIA, LA PALOMA DE NOE
 
 

Columba (constelación)

 
Columba
Columba constellation map.svg
Nombre Latino Columba
Abreviatura Col
Genitivo Columbae
Simbología Palomo
Ascensión recta 6 h
Declinación −35°
Superficie 270 grados cuadrados
Rango 54th
Número de estrellas
(magnitud < 3)
1
Estrella más brillante α Col (Phact)
(magnitud ap. 2,6)
Lluvia de meteoros None
Constelaciones colindantes
Visibilidad En latitudes entre
+45° y −90°
Mejor visibilidad
(21:00 hrs.)
Febrero

ColumbaLatín para palomo, es una pequeña constelación justo al sur de Canis Major y Lepus. Fue sacada de la constelación Canis Major por Augustin Royer, en 1679.

[editar] Mitología

Dado que fue creada en el siglo XVII, por la separación de una constelación ya existente, no tiene mitología relacionada, de manera independiente.

Puede referirse a la paloma que los Argonautas envían para determinar si pueden pasar por el estrecho del mar negro. También, es la paloma que Nóe utilizó en su arca.

Columba, la Paloma, junto al Can Mayor.
 
NOTEN EL ARCO IRIS

 

Iris

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
 
Saltar a: navegaciónbúsqueda
El iris es la zona azul (en este caso). Las otras estructuras visibles son la pupila en el centro y la esclera que corresponde al sector de color blanco. La esclera está cubierta por una membrana transparente que se llama conjuntiva.
Dilatación de la pupila.

El iris, en anatomía, es la membrana coloreada y circular del ojo que separa la cámara anterior de la cámara posterior. Posee una apertura central de tamaño variable que comunica las dos cámaras: la pupila.

Corresponde a la porción más anterior de la túnica vascular, la cual forma un diafragma contráctil delante del cristalino. Se ubica tras la córnea, entre la cámara anterior y el cristalino, al que cubre en mayor o menor medida en función de su dilatación.

1. Salmos 74:2: Acuérdate de tu congregación, la que adquIRISte desde tiempos antiguos,
La que redimiste para hacerla la tribu de tu herencia;
Este monte de Sion, donde has habitado.

 

2. Ezequiel 1:28: Como parece el arco IRIS que está en las nubes el día que llueve, así era el parecer del resplandor alrededor. Esta fue la visión de la semejanza de la gloria de Jehová. Y cuando yo la vi, me postré sobre mi rostro, y oí la voz de uno que hablaba.

 

3. Apocalipsis 4:3: Y el aspecto del que estaba sentado era semejante a piedra de jaspe y de cornalina; y había alrededor del trono un arco IRIS, semejante en aspecto a la esmeralda.

 

4. Apocalipsis 10:1: Vi descender del cielo a otro ángel fuerte, envuelto en una nube, con el arco IRIS sobre su cabeza; y su rostro era como el sol, y sus pies como columnas de fuego.

El iris es la zona coloreada del ojo. En su centro se encuentra la pupila, de color negro; la zona blanca que se encuentra alrededor se denomina esclerótica.

Génesis
9:1 Bendijo Dios a Noé y a sus hijos, y les dijo: Fructificad y multiplicaos, y llenad la tierra.
9:2 El temor y el miedo de vosotros estarán sobre todo animal de la tierra, y sobre toda ave de los cielos, en todo lo que se mueva sobre la tierra, y en todos los peces del mar; en vuestra mano son entregados.
9:3 Todo lo que se mueve y vive, os será para mantenimiento: así como las legumbres y plantas verdes, os lo he dado todo.
9:4 Pero carne con su vida, que es su sangre, no comeréis.
9:5 Porque ciertamente demandaré la sangre de vuestras vidas; de mano de todo animal la demandaré, y de mano del hombre; de mano del varón su hermano demandaré la vida del hombre.
9:6 El que derramare sangre de hombre, por el hombre su sangre será derramada; porque a imagen de Dios es hecho el hombre.
9:7 Mas vosotros fructificad y multiplicaos; procread abundantemente en la tierra, y multiplicaos en ella.
9:8 Y habló Dios a Noé y a sus hijos con él, diciendo:
9:9 He aquí que yo establezco mi pacto con vosotros, y con vuestros descendientes después de vosotros;
9:10 y con todo ser viviente que está con vosotros; aves, animales y toda bestia de la tierra que está con vosotros, desde todos los que salieron del arca hasta todo animal de la tierra.
9:11 Estableceré mi pacto con vosotros, y no exterminaré ya más toda carne con aguas de diluvio, ni habrá más diluvio para destruir la tierra.
9:12 Y dijo Dios: Esta es la señal del pacto que yo establezco entre mí y vosotros y todo ser viviente que está con vosotros, por siglos perpetuos:

1. Génesis 9:13: Mi ARCO he puesto en las nubes, el cual será por señal del pacto entre mí y la tierra.

 

2. Génesis 9:14: Y sucederá que cuando haga venir nubes sobre la tierra, se dejará ver entonces mi ARCO en las nubes.

 

3. Génesis 9:16: Estará el ARCO en las nubes, y lo veré, y me acordaré del pacto perpetuo entre Dios y todo ser viviente, con toda carne que hay sobre la tierra.

Respuesta  Mensaje 23 de 39 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:49
INTERRELACION DEL TERMINO HEBREO/SAR/PRINCIPE CON DIECISIETE-NEXO CON GENESIS 8:4 (DIECISIETE DEL SEPTIMO MES)
 
Isa 9:6 For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace.
Bk
Chpt
Vs
 
Verse # = 17836   |   Words = 20   |   Letters = 66
Data from Strong's Concordance
KJV Hebrew Strong's # Value
For unto us a child ילד 44
is born, ילד 44
unto us a son בן 52
is given: נתן 500
and the government משרה 545
shall be upon his shoulder: שכם 360
and his name שם 340
shall be called קרא 301
Wonderful, פלא 111
Counsellor, יעץ 170
The mighty גבור 211
God, אל 31
The everlasting עד 74
Father, אב 3
The Prince שר 500
of Peace. שלום 376
 < H8269         

שר sar {sar} from 08323; TWOT - 2295a; n m AV - prince 208, captain 130, chief 33, ruler 33, governor 6, keeper 3, principal 2, general 1, lords 1, misc 4; 421 1) prince, ruler, leader, chief, chieftain, official, captain 1a) chieftain, leader 1b) vassal, noble, official (under king) 1c) captain, general, commander (military) 1d) chief, head, overseer (of other official classes) 1e) heads, princes (of religious office) 1f) elders (of representative leaders of people) 1g) merchant-princes (of rank and dignity) 1h) patron-angel 1i) Ruler of rulers (of God) 1j) warden


Gematria: 500

 
 
 
INTERRELACION DEL TERMINO HEBREO SAR/PRINCIPE CON EL TERMINO HEBREO DIECISIETE
 < H6240         

עשר `asar {aw-sawr'} from 06235; TWOT - 1711b; n m/f AV - eleven + 0259 9, eleven + 06249 6, eleventh + 06249 13, eleventh + 0259 4, twelve + 08147 106, twelfth + 08147 21, thirteen + 07969 13, thirteenth + 07969 11, etc to nineteen 152; 335 1) ten, -teen (in combination with other numbers) 1a) used only in combination to make the numbers 11-19


Gematria: 570

 
 
 < H8269         

שר sar {sar} from 08323; TWOT - 2295a; n m AV - prince 208, captain 130, chief 33, ruler 33, governor 6, keeper 3, principal 2, general 1, lords 1, misc 4; 421 1) prince, ruler, leader, chief, chieftain, official, captain 1a) chieftain, leader 1b) vassal, noble, official (under king) 1c) captain, general, commander (military) 1d) chief, head, overseer (of other official classes) 1e) heads, princes (of religious office) 1f) elders (of representative leaders of people) 1g) merchant-princes (of rank and dignity) 1h) patron-angel 1i) Ruler of rulers (of God) 1j) warden


Gematria: 500

 

Respuesta  Mensaje 24 de 39 en el tema 
De: BARILOCHENSE6999 Enviado: 13/08/2023 00:50
In iota we find a double a little difficult for our three-inch. The components are of magnitudes four and a half and nine, distance 57", p. 110 deg.. Burnham discovered that the ninth-magnitude star consists of two of the tenth less than 2" apart, p. 24 deg..

No astronomer who happens to be engaged in this part of the sky ever fails, unless his attention is absorbed by something of special interest, to glance at beta Librae, which is famous as the only naked-eye star having a decided green color. The hue is pale, but manifest.[3]

[3] Is the slight green tint perceptible in Sirius variable? I am sometimes disposed to think it is.

The star is a remarkable variable, belonging to what is called the Algol type. Its period, according to Chandler, is 2 days 7 hours, 51 minutes, 22.8 seconds. The time occupied by the actual changes is about twelve hours. At maximum the star is of magnitude five and at minimum of magnitude 6.2.



We may now conveniently turn northward from Virgo in order to explore Booetes, one of the most interesting of the constellations (map No. 11). Its leading star alpha, Arcturus, is the brightest in the northern hemisphere. Its precedence over its rivals Vega and Capella, long in dispute, has been settled by the Harvard photometry. You notice that the color of Arcturus, when it has not risen far above the horizon, is a yellowish red, but when the star is near mid-heaven the color fades to light yellow. The hue is possibly variable, for it is recorded that in 1852 Arcturus appeared to have nearly lost its color. If it should eventually turn white, the fact would have an important bearing upon the question whether Sirius was, as alleged, once a red or flame-colored star.

But let us sit here in the starlight, for the night is balmy, and talk about Arcturus, which is perhaps actually the greatest sun within the range of terrestrial vision. Its parallax is so minute that the consideration of the tremendous size of this star is a thing that the imagination can not placidly approach. Calculations, based on its assumed distance, which show that it outshines the sun several thousand times, may be no exaggeration of the truth! It is easy to make such a calculation. One of Dr. Elkin's parallaxes for Arcturus is 0.018". That is to say, the displacement of Arcturus due to the change in the observer's point of view when he looks at the star first from one side and then from the other side of the earth's orbit, 186,000,000 miles across, amounts to only eighteen one-thousandths of a second of arc. We can appreciate how small that is when we reflect that it is about equal to the apparent distance between the heads of two pins placed an inch apart and viewed from a distance of a hundred and eighty miles!

Assuming this estimate of the parallax of Arcturus, let us see how it will enable us to calculate the probable size or light-giving power of the star as compared with the sun. The first thing to do is to multiply the earth's distance from the sun, which may be taken at 93,000,000 miles, by 206,265, the number of seconds of arc in a radian, the base of circular measure, and then divide the product by the parallax of the star. Performing the multiplication and division, we get the following:

19,182,645,000,000 / .018 = 1,065,702,500,000,000.

The quotient represents miles! Call it, in round numbers, a thousand millions of millions of miles. This is about 11,400,000 times the distance from the earth to the sun.

Now for the second part of the calculation: The amount of light received on the earth from some of the brighter stars has been experimentally compared with the amount received from the sun. The results differ rather widely, but in the case of Arcturus the ratio of the star's light to sunlight may be taken as about one twenty-five-thousand-millionth—i. e., 25,000,000,000 stars, each equal to Arcturus, would together shed upon the earth as much light as the sun does. But we know that light varies inversely as the square of the distance; for instance, if the sun were twice as far away as it is, its light would be diminished for us to a quarter of its present amount. Suppose, then, that we could remove the earth to a point midway between the sun and Arcturus, we should then be 5,700,000 times as far from the sun as we now are. In order to estimate how much light the sun would send us from that distance we must square the number 5,700,000 and then take the result inversely, or as a fraction. We thus get 1 / 32,490,000,000,000, representing the ratio of the sun's light at half the distance of Arcturus to that at its real distance. But while receding from the sun we should be approaching Arcturus. We should get, in fact, twice as near to that star as we were before, and therefore its light would be increased for us fourfold. Now, if the amount of sunlight had not changed, it would exceed the light of Arcturus only a quarter as much as it did before, or in the ratio of 25,000,000,000 / 4 = 6,250,000,000 to 1. But, as we have seen, the sunlight would diminish through increase of distance to one 32,490,000,000,000th part of its original amount. Hence its altered ratio to the light of Arcturus would become 6,250,000,000 to 32,490,000,000,000, or 1 to 5,198.

This means that if the earth were situated midway between the sun and Arcturus, it would receive 5,198 times as much light from that star as it would from the sun! It is quite probable, moreover, that the heat of Arcturus exceeds the solar heat in the same ratio, for the spectroscope shows that although Arcturus is surrounded with a cloak of metallic vapors proportionately far more extensive than the sun's, yet, smothered as the great star seems in some respects to be, it rivals Sirius itself in the intensity of its radiant energy.

If we suppose the radiation of Arcturus to be the same per unit of surface as the sun's, it follows that Arcturus exceeds the sun about 375,000 times in volume, and that its diameter is no less than 62,350,000 miles! Imagine the earth and the other planets constituting the solar system removed to Arcturus and set revolving around it in orbits of the same forms and sizes as those in which they circle about the sun. Poor Mercury! For that little planet it would indeed be a jump from the frying pan into the fire, because, as it rushed to perihelion, Mercury would plunge more than 2,500,000 miles beneath the surface of the giant star. Venus and the earth would melt like snowflakes at the mouth of a furnace. Even far-away Neptune, the remotest member of the system, would swelter in torrid heat.

But stop! Look at the sky. Observe how small and motionless the disks of the stars have become. Back to the telescopes at once, for this is a token that the atmosphere is steady, and that "good seeing" may be expected. It is fortunate, for we have some delicate work before us. The very first double star we try in Booetes, Sigma 1772, requires the use of the four-inch, and the five-inch shows it more satisfactorily. The magnitudes are sixth and ninth, distance 5", p. 140 deg.. On the other side of Arcturus we find zeta, a star that we should have had no great difficulty in separating thirty years ago, but which has now closed up beyond the reach even of our five-inch. The magnitudes are both fourth, and the distance less than a quarter of a second; position angle changing. It is apparently a binary, and if so will some time widen again, but its period is unknown. The star 279, also known as Sigma 1910, near the southeastern edge of the constellation, is a pretty double, each component being of the seventh magnitude, distance 4", p. 212 deg.. Just above zeta we come upon pi, an easy double for the three-inch, magnitudes four and six, distance 6" p. 99 deg.. Next is xi, a yellow and purple pair, whose magnitudes are respectively five and seven, distance less than 3", p. 200 deg.. This is undoubtedly a binary with a period of revolution of about a hundred and thirty years. Its distance decreased about 1" between 1881 and 1891. It was still decreasing in 1899, when it had become 2.5". The orbital swing is also very apparent in the change of the position angle.

The telescopic gem of Booetes, and one of "the flowers of the sky," is epsilon, also known as Mirac. When well seen, as we shall see it to-night, epsilon Booetis is superb. The magnitudes of its two component stars are two and a half (according to Hall, three) and six. The distance is about 2.8", p. 326 deg.. The contrast of colors—bright orange yellow, set against brilliant emerald green—is magnificent. There are very few doubles that can be compared with it in this respect. The three-inch will separate it, but the five-inch enables us best to enjoy its beauty. It appears to be a binary, but the motion is very slow, and nothing certain is yet known of its period.

In delta we have a very wide and easy double; magnitudes three and a half and eight and a half, distance 110", p. 75 deg.. The smaller star has a lilac hue. We can not hope with any of our instruments to see all of the three stars contained in , but two of them are easily seen; magnitudes four and seven, distance 108", p. 172 deg.. The smaller star is again double; magnitudes seven and eight, distance 0.77", p. 88 deg.. It is clearly a binary, with a long period. A six-inch telescope that could separate this star at present would be indeed a treasure. Sigma 1926 is another object rather beyond our powers, on account of the contrast of magnitudes. These are six and eight and a half; distance 1.3", p. 256 deg..

Other doubles are: 44 (Sigma 1909), magnitudes five and six, distance 4.8", p. 240 deg.; 39 (Sigma 1890), magnitudes both nearly six, distance 3.6", p. 45 deg.. Smaller star light red; iota, magnitudes four and a half and seven and a half, distance 38", p. 33 deg.; kappa, magnitudes five and a half and eight, distance 12.7", p. 238 deg.. Some observers see a greenish tinge in the light of the larger star, the smaller one being blue.

There are one or two interesting things to be seen in that part of Canes Venatici which is represented on map No. 11. The first of these is the star cluster 3936. This will reward a good look with the five-inch. With large telescopes as many as one thousand stars have been discerned packed within its globular outlines.

The star 25 (Sigma 1768) is a close binary with a period estimated at one hundred and twenty-five years. The magnitudes are six and seven or eight, distance about 1", p. 137 deg.. We may try for this with the five-inch, and if we do not succeed in separating the stars we may hope to do so some time, for the distance between them is increasing.

Although the nebula 3572 is a very wonderful object, we shall leave it for another evening.

Eastward from Booetes shines the circlet of Corona Borealis, whose form is so strikingly marked out by the stars that the most careless eye perceives it at once. Although a very small constellation, it abounds with interesting objects. We begin our attack with the five-inch on Sigma 1932, but not too confident that we shall come off victors, for this binary has been slowly closing for many years. The magnitudes are six and a half and seven, distance 0.84", p. 150 deg.. Not far distant is another binary, at present beyond our powers, eta. Here the magnitudes are both six, distance 0.65", p. 3 deg.. Hall assigns a period of forty years to this star.

The assemblage of close binaries in this neighborhood is very curious. Only a few degrees away we find one that is still more remarkable, the star gamma. What has previously been said about 42 Comae Berenicis applies in a measure to this star also. It, too, has a comparatively small orbit, and its components are never seen widely separated. In 1826 their distance was 0.7"; in 1880 they could not be split; in 1891 the distance had increased to 0.36", and in 1894 it had become 0.53", p. 123 deg.. But in 1899 Lewis made the distance only 0.43". The period has been estimated at one hundred years.

While the group of double stars in the southern part of Corona Borealis consists, as we have seen, of remarkably close binaries, another group in the northern part of the same constellation comprises stars that are easily separated. Let us first try zeta. The powers of the three-inch are amply sufficient in this case. The magnitudes are four and five, distance 6.3", p. 300 deg.. Colors, white or bluish-white and blue or green.

Next take sigma, whose magnitudes are five and six, distance 4", p. 206 deg.. With the five-inch we may look for a second companion of the tenth magnitude, distance 54", p. 88 deg.. It is thought highly probable that sigma is a binary, but its period has simply been guessed at.

Finally, we come to nu, which consists of two very widely separated stars, nu^1 and nu^2, each of which has a faint companion. With the five-inch we may be able to see the companion of nu^2, the more southerly of the pair. The magnitude of the companion is variously given as tenth and twelfth, distance 137", p. 18 deg..

With the aid of the map we find the position of the new star of 1866, which is famous as the first so-called temporary star to which spectroscopic analysis was applied. When first noticed, on May 12, 1866, this star was of the second magnitude, fully equaling in brilliancy alpha, the brightest star of the constellation; but in about two weeks it fell to the ninth magnitude. Huggins and Miller eagerly studied the star with the spectroscope, and their results were received with deepest interest. They concluded that the light of the new star had two different sources, each giving a spectrum peculiar to itself. One of the spectra had dark lines and the other bright lines. It will be remembered that a similar peculiarity was exhibited by the new star in Auriga in 1893. But the star in Corona did not disappear. It diminished to magnitude nine and a half or ten, and stopped there; and it is still visible. In fact, subsequent examination proved that it had been catalogued at Bonn as a star of magnitude nine and a half in 1855. Consequently this "blaze star" of 1866 will bear watching in its decrepitude. Nobody knows but that it may blaze again. Perhaps it is a sun-like body; perhaps it bears little resemblance to a sun as we understand such a thing. But whatever it may be, it has proved itself capable of doing very extraordinary things.

We have no reason to suspect the sun of any latent eccentricities, like those that have been displayed by "temporary" stars; yet, acting on the principle which led the old emperor-astrologer Rudolph II to torment his mind with self-made horoscopes of evil import, let us unscientifically imagine that the sun could suddenly burst out with several hundred times its ordinary amount of heat and light, thereby putting us into a proper condition for spectroscopic examination by curious astronomers in distant worlds.

But no, after all, it is far pleasanter to keep within the strict boundaries of science, and not imagine anything of the kind.
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