¿COMO EXPLICAS EL NEXO 911 CON EL DIA DE MARIA MAGDALENA EN EL MARCO A LA INDEPENDENCIA DE EEUU EN FILADELFIA?
11/9/2001-11/9/2005=1461 DIAS
11/9/2005-22/7/2006=315 DIAS
1461+315=1776
EL 4/7/1776=INDEPENDENCIA DE EEUU EN FILADELFIA
En aquel tiempo, respondiendo Jesús, dijo: Te alabo, Padre, Señor del cielo y de la tierra, que hayas escondido estas cosas (la Gnosis, la Sabiduría Oculta) de los sabios (de los eruditos) y de los entendidos, (de los intelectuales) y las hayas revelado á los niños. (A los Iniciados). Así, Padre, pues que así agradó en tus ojos." (Mateo 11: 25-26).
EL PATRON KAVALISTICO DE LA INDEPENDENCIA DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS ESTA TOTALMENTE INTERRELACIONADO CON LAS BODAS DE CANA, EN EL CONTEXTO A QUE LA MISMA NO FUE SOLAMENTE EN UN TERCER DIA ( JUAN 2:1), SINO QUE TAMBIEN EN UN SEPTIMO DIA (JUAN 1:29,35,42 Y JUAN 2:1). DE ALLI SALE EL MONSTRUSO NUMERO 37.
1776=48*37
666=37*18
37*18=666
37*48=1776 (AÑO DE LA INDEPENDENCIA DE EEUU)
LA MISMA TORRE ES UN SIMBOLO FALICO CON FUERTE CONNOTACION SEXUAL
El mismo dia de JUDAS TADEO, Y EL MISMO DIA DEL EXPERIMENTO FILADELFIA, el 28 de OCTUBRE y el mismo 22 de JULIO, DIA DE MARIA LA MAGDALENA. VIVA FRANCIA, TIERRA DE LA LIBERTAD, LA TIERRA DEL "CODIGO DA VINCI", EN EL 227 ANIVERSARIO DE LA INDEPENDENCIA DE EEUU.
99. Ezequiel 22:7: Al padre y a la madre despreciaron en ti; al EXTRANJERO trataron con violencia en medio de ti; al huérfano y a la viuda despojaron en ti.
Statue of Liberty
The height of the Statue of Liberty is 111′-1″ from bottom of foot to top of head. The 7 rays on the crown and the 11 points of the base star echo the proportions of the Great Pyramid’s 7:11 height to base proportion. The superb book Talisman by Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval convincingly shows this goddess is actually the Egyptian Isis.
Image courtesy Elcobbola under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
El Experimento Filadelfia, también llamado Proyecto Arcoíris, es el nombre que recibió un supuesto experimento secreto llevado a cabo por la marina estadounidense en los astilleros navales de Filadelfia, en el estado de Pensilvania, durante o antes del 28 de octubre de 1943. En el cual el destructor escolta de la Armada USS Eldridge al parecer fue invisibilizado (o "encubierto") electrónicamente contra los dispositivos enemigos. La marina de Estados Unidos comenta que ha buscado archivos que se refieran a este hecho y no los ha encontrado, ni ha encontrado evidencia de que se intentara.[cita requerida]
El incidente fue reportado repetidamente como una farsa.[1][2][3]
En un momento determinado, se afirmó haber conseguido la invisibilidad de pequeños objetos, con lo que se presentó al gobierno de los Estados Unidos.[cita requerida] Por lo que en el plano militar vieron el potencial de esta nueva tecnología y decidieron sufragar el curso de las investigaciones a fin de direccionarlas en el sentido que les convenía: su aplicación a la industria bélica. El USS Eldridge, es modificado para transportar toneladas de equipamiento electrónico, entre el que se incluirían dos enormes generadores de 75 kV cada uno, montados en el lugar que debería ocupar la torreta de cañones de proa, y que distribuían su potencia a través de cuatro bobinas montadas en cubierta. Tres transmisores RF de 2 megavatios cada uno, 3.000 tubos amplificadores 6L6 (empleados para canalizar los campos de las bobinas de los dos generadores), circuitos de sincronización y modulación... fueron empleados para generar campos electromagnéticos masivos que, correctamente configurados, serían capaces de curvar las ondas de luz y de radios alrededor del buque, haciéndolo invisible.
Las pruebas habrían empezado el verano de 1943, y hasta cierto punto tuvieron éxito al principio. Una prueba, el 22 de julio de 1943, volvió al USS Eldridge (DE-173) casi totalmente invisible, con algunos testigos reportando una "niebla verdosa" —sin embargo, algunos miembros de la tripulación se quejaron de náuseas posteriormente. En ese momento, el experimento fue alterado a petición de la Marina, con el objetivo de hacer al navío invisible a los radares únicamente.[cita requerida]
El equipo fue recalibrado y el experimento se llevó a cabo el 28 de octubre. Esta vez, el Eldridge no sólo se volvió totalmente invisible a la vista, sino que de hecho desapareció del área en un relámpago azul. Al mismo tiempo, la base naval estadounidense en Norfolk, Virginia, a 600 km de distancia, un tripulante en sus costas declaró haber visto al Eldridge durante 15 minutos, al final de los cuales desapareció, para volver a aparecer en Filadelfia, en sus coordenadas originales —supuestamente un caso accidental de teletransportación.[cita requerida]
Según el relato de Carlos Allende[cita requerida], los efectos fisiológicos en la tripulación fueron profundos. Mareos muy violentos, personal que desapareció por completo, otros que simplemente se volvieron locos o padecieron esquizofrenia severa, y lo más terrorífico fue el hallazgo de cinco miembros de la tripulación fundidos completamente con la estructura de metal de la proa del buque y otros tantos sufrieron desmaterializaciones de algunas partes de sus cuerpos. Supuestamente, los oficiales navales horrorizados cancelaron el experimento inmediatamente. Los supervivientes nunca fueron los mismos, y permanecieron en una suerte de amnesia total.[cita requerida]
En 1955, K. Jessup, un astrónomo amateur, antes investigador postuniversitario, publicó The Case for the UFO, un examen del fenómeno del OVNI (UFO en inglés) en el que teorizaba los medios de propulsión que un platillo volador del estilo de un OVNI podría utilizar. Jessup especuló que la anti-gravedad o el electromagnetismo pueden ser responsables del comportamiento de vuelo observado en los OVNIs, y lamentó, tanto en el libro como en la publicidad del tour que siguió, que la investigación de los vuelos espaciales se concentrara en el área de los cohetes, y que se pusiera poca atención a otros medios teóricos de vuelo, que él consideraba rendirían más frutos al final.
El 13 de enero de 1956, Jessup recibió una carta de un hombre que se identificaba como "Carlos Miguel Allende". En ella, Allende informaba a Jessup del Experimento Filadelfia, aludiendo a artículos periodísticos de la época de fuentes dudosas como "prueba". Allende también decía haber sido testigo de la desaparición y reaparición del Eldridge mientras trabajaba en un barco mercante que se encontraba cerca, el SS Andrew Furuseth. Incluso mencionó los nombres de otros tripulantes del Andrew Furuseth, y decía saber del destino de algunos miembros de la tripulación del Eldridge tras el experimento, incluyendo uno que dice haber visto "desaparecer" durante una pelea en un bar. Jessup le respondió a Allende con una postal, pidiendo más evidencia y corroboración de la historia, tales como fechas y detalles específicos de la misma. La respuesta llegó varios meses más tarde; sin embargo, esta vez el hombre se identificaba como "Carl M. Allen". Allen dijo que no podría proveer los detalles pedidos por Jessup, pero insinuaba que podrían ser obtenidos a través de la hipnosis. Jessup decidió cortar la correspondencia.
The MRO 2.4-meter (7.9 ft) telescope is a Nasmyth design on an azimuth-elevation (az-el) mount. The telescope is capable of slew rates of 10 degrees per second, enabling it to observe artificial objects in low Earth orbit. The telescope is also used for asteroid studies and observations of other solar system objects.[4]The MRO 2.4-meter achieved first light on October 31, 2006, and began regular operations on September 1, 2008, after a commissioning phase that included tracking near-Earth asteroid 2007 WD5 for NASA.[5]
The telescope's primary mirror has a complicated history. It was built by Itek as part of a competition for the contract for the Hubble mirror (although it has a different prescription than the one used to construct the Hubble). When Perkin-Elmer was chosen instead as the Hubble contractor, the mirror was passed to a classified Air Force project. When this project was in turn discontinued, the mirror was transferred to the Magdalena Ridge Observatory, along with a blank for the secondary.[6][7]
As of May 2008, the facility is under a multi-year contract with NASA to provide follow-up astrometry and characterization data on near-Earth asteroids and comets as part of Spaceguard, and also collaborates with the Air Force to track and characterize satellites in GEO and LEO orbits.[8] On October 9, 2009, New Mexico Tech scientists used instruments on the MRO 2.4-meter and at the Etscorn Campus Observatory to observe controlled impacts of two NASA Centaur rockets at the southern polar region of the moon as part of the LCROSS Project.[9][10]
On October 23, 2015, it was announced that the MRO telescope will receive funding from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in early 2016 to monitor the launch and re-entry of commercial space vehicles from Spaceport America.[11]
The Magdalena Ridge Optical Interferometer (MROI) is an optical and near infraredinterferometer under construction at MRO. When the MROI is completed, it will have ten 1.4 m (55 in) telescopes located on three 340 m (1,120 ft) arms. Each arm will have nine stations where the telescopes can be positioned, and one telescope can be positioned at the center. The telescopes and their enclosures will be moved with a customized crane. Light from the telescopes' primary mirrors will be directed along the arms to the Beam Combining Facility (BCF). These pipes will be evacuated of all air in order to reduce distortions. Inside the BCF, the light will first travel through extensions of the pipes in the Delay Line Area, which will bring the light beams into phase. Then light will exit the vacuum pipes in the Beam Combining Area (BCA), where the light will be directed into one of three permanent sensors, or to a temporary instrument on a fourth table. The light will strike a total of eleven mirrors before entering a sensor.
The basic design of MROI was completed in 2006. Construction of the facility began in August 2006 with the BCF building, which was completed in 2008. In July 2007, the contract for the design of the ten 1.4 m telescopes was awarded to Advanced Mechanical and Optical Systems S.A. (AMOS) of Belgium. In 2009 the design of the infrastructure of interferometer arms was completed, as was the design for the telescope enclosures. In 2010 construction of the arms began. Also in 2010 the first delay line was installed in the BCF.[13]
On October 19, 2015, New Mexico Tech signed a five-year, $25 million cooperative agreement with the Air Force Research Laboratory to support continued development of the interferometer at the observatory. Dr. Van Romero, Vice President of Research at Tech, said the new funding will allow the completion of three telescopes, mounts and enclosures on the mountaintop facility.[14]
New Mexico Exoplanet Spectroscopic Survey Instrument[edit]
The New Mexico Exoplanet Spectroscopic Survey Instrument (NESSI) is a ground-based instrument specifically designed to study the atmospheres of exoplanets.[15][16] The $3.5 million instrument is the first purpose-built device for the analysis of exoplanet atmospheres,[17] and is expected to have a powerful impact on the field of exoplanet characterization.[18]
The Principal Investigator is Michele Creech-Eakman at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, working with seven co-investigators.[18] The NESSI instrument was mounted on the observatory's 2.4 meter telescope. The instrument's first exoplanet observations began in April 2014.
Sapientia Aedificavit Sibi Domum. Es decir, "la sabiduría ha edificado aquí su casa". Resulta curioso que la misma frase aparece en el Evangelio de María Magdalena, un texto apócrifo. Se dice que en el interior de esta iglesia y de otras muchas de Venecia está escondido el tesoro de los templarios. Pero no hay ninguna prueba de ello. Para terminar ya con esta entrada me gustaría que nos acercásemos un momento a uno de los edificios más emblemáticos de Venecia: el Palacio Ducal.
"¡Oh profundidad de las riquezas de la sabiduría (sophia) y de la ciencia (gnwsiV, gnosis) de Dios! ¡Cuán incomprensibles son sus juicios, e inescrutables sus caminos!" (Romanos, 11: 33).
16. Génesis 49:27 Benjamín es lobo arrebatador; A la mañana comerá la presa, Y a la tarde repartirá los despojos.
169. Romanos 11:1 Digo, pues: ¿Ha desechado Dios a su pueblo? En ninguna manera. Porque también yo soy israelita, de la descendencia de Abraham, de la tribu de Benjamín.
170. Filipenses 3:5circuncidado al octavo día, del linaje de Israel, de la tribu de Benjamín, hebreo de hebreos; en cuanto a la ley, fariseo;
PABLO, ESTA EN FUNCION A LA MISMA SANTA CENA, OSEA EL MISMO RELOJ.
JERUSALEN ESTABA EN LA TRIBU DE BENJAMIN, OSEA QUE ES OBVIO QUE LA NUEVA JERUSALEN ES PABLO MISMO
PABLO/PEQUEÑO/PERRO/LOBO/GUERRA/MARTE/GRIAL
PABLO ES UN TIPO DEL GRIAL MISMO
16. Génesis 49:27 Benjamín es lobo arrebatador; A la mañana comerá la presa, Y a la tarde repartirá los despojos.
169. Romanos 11:1 Digo, pues: ¿Ha desechado Dios a su pueblo? En ninguna manera. Porque también yo soy israelita, de la descendencia de Abraham, de la tribu de Benjamín.
170. Filipenses 3:5circuncidado al octavo día, del linaje de Israel, de la tribu de Benjamín, hebreo de hebreos; en cuanto a la ley, fariseo;
The height of the Statue of Liberty is 111′-1″ from bottom of foot to top of head. The 7 rays on the crown and the 11 points of the base star echo the proportions of the Great Pyramid’s 7:11 height to base proportion. The superb book Talisman by Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval convincingly shows this goddess is actually the Egyptian Isis.
Image courtesy Elcobbola under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
http://www.viewzone.com/onstott66.html
MONTSEGUR VOLCAN/CAN / TEOTIHUACAN / VATICANO / CANA/ AMERICAN/ MEXICAN/ CAN MAYOR (SIRIO)- BODAS DE CANA
Location
Montségur is in the Ariege, in the foothills of the Pyrenees, not far from Lavelanet, due South from Mirepoix.
Montségur lies at 42°52'35" N, 1°49'51" E on a pog (a volcanic pluton) at an altitude of 1,207 meters. The castle is owned by the Commune of Montségur. There is an entrance fee, which also covers entry to a museum in the nearby town.
I.M. Pei’s Louvre pyramid connects the vast wings of the museum to one central location. Most of the space is buried underground, keeping the visual attention on the historic palace.
Was Napoleon’s monument to freedom Elephant of the Bastille a factor in the design? Did astrology form the shapes and arrangement? Johann Kepler charted horoscopes using this same form, and related it to profound scientific laws. Gender is also seen by many in the upright and inverse pyramids. The Louvre, in the heart of Paris, fixes all the problems with Modernism. The shocking form fits in because it was derived by careful study and with thoughtful purpose.
A quick walk a modern obelisk, the Eiffel tower, leads to the Arc de Triumph, copied from ancient Rome. A straight line from there leads to an ancient Roman obelisk, and immediately to the Louvre.
I.M. Pei’s 1989 design for the Pyramide du Louvre at the historic Louvre Palace in Paris France starts with architecture’s most significant symbol: the pyramid. A tunnel descends into structure like the ancient pyramids of Egypt.
The museum spans the entire history of mankind, and so the pyramid itself assumes a futuristic character. Its transparent materials achieve this futurism while opening views to the building surrounding it, and opening natural sunlight into the front lobby. A rather ingenious tension structure is holds the pyramid up.
The La Pyramide Inversée inverted pyramid has been made famous by the Da Vinci Code. But this is just one element of this enormous project, which takes more than a week to properly visit.
Procession To Democracy
Pei’s concept sketches show two axis. The first runs through the park to the Arc de Triumph du Carrousel. Here it meets another tilted axis, which continues on into the Louvre. This Axe Historique is the strongest site axis in the world, extending through central Paris to the city’s modern quarter.
This tilting of spaces at the Arc de Triumph and the pyramid keeps the composition unified yet unexpected.
In 1833, a column stood where the pyramid now stands. A third axis tilts slightly as it extends from this point on to the east. This third axis extended to the Place de la Bastillewhere a similar column was constructed in 1835 to commemorate the revolution against King Charles X.
The July column at the Place de la Bastille replaced the Elephant of the Bastille, which gives insight into the meaning of the Louvre pyramid. The Elephant was a large structure atop a fountain, which people could enter through a staircase and walk around inside, as with today’s Louvre pyramid. It was cast in bronze from the guns captured by Napoleon in his conquests. In Victor Hugo’s Les Miserable, it housed the homeless children of the Revolution. Run-down and despondant, it symbolized the humility and determination of democracy:
“There it stood in its corner, melancholy, sick, crumbling, surrounded by a rotten palisade, soiled continually by drunken coachmen; cracks meandered athwart its belly, a lath projected from its tail, tall grass flourished between its legs; and, as the level of the place had been rising all around it for a space of thirty years, by that slow and continuous movement which insensibly elevates the soil of large towns, it stood in a hollow, and it looked as though the ground were giving way beneath it. It was unclean, despised, repulsive, and superb, ugly in the eyes of the bourgeois, melancholy in the eyes of the thinker.” -Victor Hugo
The Statue of Liberty in New York is a modern descendant from the Elephant. Visitors walk into and climb a stairway up the Statue, much like in the Elephant. The Louvre Pyramid achieves the same kind of procession, and directly links to its axis in the city. It therefore could assume the symbol of the poor and humble class. The poor gain access to the wealth of the world in the museum. History and art liberates the people.
Astrology
By 1850, the column in the courtyard was replaced by two circles. Pei’s early sketches start to resemble these two circles. Yet while the inverted pyramid keep a circular outline, the large pyramid is decidedly rectangular. Pei took a square and fit another square inside it. How did Pei get this geometric form? Astronomer Tycho Brahe built the Uraniborg observatory based on the classic chart of the four terrestrial elements. He applied the four states of the four elements (earth, fire, water, air) to the celestial sphere for the first time, asserting a new idea that stars are subject to change like anything else.
Tycho’s assistant, Johann Kepler applied this building form to astrology. His rectangular horoscope used tilted concentric squares that look very similar to Pei’s form at the Loure. If you lay the classic zodiac over the louvre pyramid, you can see how it fits.
Did Pei look at Kepler’s horoscope for the pyramid entrance to the Louvre? Compare the plan-view of the Louvre entrance with Kepler’s zodiac and the ancient astrology diagram:
A 90 degree triangle approaches the pyramid from the left side. This T-square aspect pattern forms a trine, which is considered in astrology to be “a source of artistic and creative talent.” This is therefore an appropriate entrance to an art museum. The Louvre’s entrance forms a trine. The 120 degree trine in the musical scale indicates a perfect fifth step, which is the strongest relationship of notes in music. The sun moves almost exactly 120 degrees on the summer solstice in Paris.
Kepler fit platonic solids inside each other. The tetrahedron was surrounded by the cube. More complex platonic shapes fit inside the tetrahedron, until finally they formed a sphere. This could be the background for Pei’s pyramid inside the Kepler square. The inverse pyramid fits inside a circle and the large pyramid inside a square.
Pei said he used a pyramid because it was “the most structurally stable of forms.”1 The pyramid is glass so that it is only barely seen, an intellectual suggestion.
The large pyramid touches a line between the top of the historic palace and the inverse pyramid. Looking at it in plan view, the edge of the large pyramid touches lines between the ends of the palace and the center of the inverse pyramid. These lines of sight suggest calculus that is used to derive perfect solids. They are an intellectual manifestation of perfect forms.
The pyramid and square could be based on Keppler’s laws of planetary motion. Kepler described the harmony of planets, music, poetry, etc. with proportions. Kepler’s third law, that the period of a planet’s orbit squared is proportional to the distance of the orbit cubed, describes the harmony of motion and distance. The pyramid volume is proportional to a line squared, and the cube volume is proportional to a line cubed.
The inverse pyramid’s proportion to its outer circle is the same as the earth’s proportion to the moon (27%). The large pyramid is likewise exactly 27% the width of the courtyard. The front entrance is half that distance from the front of the courtyard. Both pyramids thus relate the size of the moon to the size of the sun.
Kepler applied the mathematics of the perfect platonic solids to the epicycles of planets. Rejecting Ptolemic astronomy, Kepler declared that the earth revolves around the sun, and that the moon revolves around the earth, in elliptical orbits. He related these proportions to various things, such as the structure of the human eye. Indeed, if you overlay Kepler’s drawing of the eyeball over the Louvre, you see that the proportions line up. The Arc de Triumph aligns with the front of the cornea, the inverse pyramid with the lens, and the large pyramid with the front of the optic nerve. The hedges in the park even look like light rays approaching the eye from the left. This is because the harmonic proportions of the Louvre universally describe naturally occurring systems.
Golden Mean
The pyramid proportionally relates a system of objects, so it is no surprise that the golden mean is a basis for the pyramid’s size. The golden mean determines form and distance. The golden mean determines the pyramid’s size between the front and back, and the left and right of the courtyard. The statue of King Louis XIV, which is the endpoint of the park axis, aligns with this proportion. The golden mean also relates the inverse pyramid to the fountain edge.
The Louvre pyramid has the same slope as the Great Pyramid in Giza, at 51 degrees. The significance of the golden proportion in the Great Pyramid thus applies to the Louvre. It uses the golden proportion to achieve its form. The procession into the front, descending down into underground also follows the Great Pyramid in Giza.
The summer solstice sun crosses just inside the Arc de Triumph along the Axe Historique as it sets. The sun therefore is of vital importance in this site axis. The setting summer sun establishes a line of site between the statue of King Louis XIV with the inverse pyramid:
Gender
The circle is traditionally female and the square male. The inverse pyramid thus appears female while the larger upright pyramid is male. Many are aware that the Louvre is a metaphor for the chalice and blade. The chalice is the female aspect of creating life and is represented by an inverse pyramid. The blade is the male aspect of death and is represented by an upright pyramid. This metaphor is strengthened when you consider that the inverse pyramid is surrounding by living grass and the upright pyramid by fluid water. The Egyptians believed the waters of chaos must be crossed in the afterlife, and this is why they placed their funeral upright pyramids near the river Nile. Male/female relate to life/death and circle/square.
The entrance procession continues this gender language of circles and squares. The left spiral staircaseswirls in a circular motion, and on the right side a linear staircase descends in strict right angles. The Louvre’s free-standing staircase is a structural marvel, and its unrestrained circular motion was not easily achieved.
I think this gender symbolism is the most significant thing about the Louvre pyramid. Modernism seems intent on destroying all gender in our architectural language, yet here is a stark example of Modernism pushing ancient gender language. Its subtle power is the stuff of mystery novels, yet it is not really understood.
Life and death are investigated as the pyramid plays with the idea of above-ground and underground. The water fountains reflect the blue sky on the ground and suggests an inverse relationship. The clear pyramid allows light to fill the subterranean space. Then, at the inverse pyramid, everything flips upside down. The blue fountains take the form of blue sky and the transparent pyramid fills into the building. Rather than the building against a sky, it is the sky against the building. It touches a solid form, a small pyramid, a polar opposite to the unsubstantial sky. The roof of the Louvre palace can barely be seen from the inverse pyramid, a visual connection that brings this dichotomy all together.
This forces the visitor to investigate nature’s opposites. From Keppler’s investigation of natural systems, to perfect proportions, and natural opposite relationships, the Louvre makes the museum visitor investigate natural law.
Massimiliano Fuksas borrowed Pei’s concept of glazed sky intruding into building space. His MyZeil mall in Frankfurt swirls glazing around the public space.
The Golden Section (aka Golden Mean, and Golden Ratio) phys.org
We use math in architecture on a daily basis to solve problems. We use it to achieve both functional and aesthetic advantages. By applying math to our architectural designs through the use of the Golden Section and other mathematical principles, we can achieve harmony and balance. As you will see from some of the examples below, the application of mathematical principles can result in beautiful and long-lasting architecture which has passed the test of time.
Using Math in Architecture for Function and Form
We use math in architecture every day at our office. For example, we use math to calculate the area of a building site or office space. Math helps us to determine the volume of gravel or soil that is needed to fill a hole. We rely on math when designing safe building structures and bridges by calculating loads and spans. Math also helps us to determine the best material to use for a structure, such as wood, concrete, or steel.
“Without mathematics there is no art.” – Luca Pacioli, De divina proportione, 1509
Architects also use math when making aesthetic decisions. For instance, we use numbers to achieve attractive proportion and harmony. This may seem counter-intuitive, but architects routinely apply a combination of math, science, and art to create attractive and functional structures. One example of this is when we use math to achieve harmony and proportion by applying a well-known principle called the Golden Section
Math and Proportion – The Golden Section
Perfect proportions of the human body – The Vitruvian Man – by Leonardo da Vinci.
We tend to think of beauty as purely subjective, but that is not necessarily the case. There is a relationship between math and beauty. By applying math to our architectural designs through the use of the Golden Section and other mathematical principles, we can achieve harmony and balance.
The Golden Section is one example of a mathematical principle that is believed to result in pleasing proportions. It was mentioned in the works of the Greek mathematician Euclid, the father of geometry. Since the 4th century, artists and architects have applied the Golden Section to their work.
The Golden Section is a rectangular form that, when cut in half or doubled, results in the same proportion as the original form. The proportions are 1: the square root of 2 (1.414) It is one of many mathematical principles that architects use to bring beautiful proportion to their designs.
Examples of the Golden Section are found extensively in nature, including the human body. The influential author Vitruvius asserted that the best designs are based on the perfect proportions of the human body.
Over the years many well-known artists and architects, such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, used the Golden Section to define the dimensions and proportions in their works. For example, you can see the Golden Section demonstrated in DaVinci’s painting Mona Lisa and his drawing Vitruvian Man.
Famous Buildings Influenced by Mathematical Principles
Here are some examples of famous buildings universally recognized for their beauty. We believe their architects used math and the principals of the Golden Section in their design:
The classical Doric columned Parthenon was built on the Acropolis between 447 and 432 BC. It was designed by the architects Iktinos and Kallikrates. The temple had two rooms to shelter a gold and ivory statue of the goddess Athena and her treasure. Visitors to the Parthenon viewed the statue and temple from the outside. The refined exterior is recognized for its proportional harmony which has influenced generations of designers. The pediment and frieze were decorated with sculpted scenes of Athena, the Gods, and heroes.
Built on the Ile de la Cite, Notre Dame was built on the site of two earlier churches. The foundation stone was laid by Pope Alexander III in 1163. The stone building demonstrates various styles of architecture, due to the fact that construction occurred for over 300 years. It is predominantly French Gothic, but also has elements of Renaissance and Naturalism. The cathedral interior is 427 feet x 157 feet in plan. The two Gothic towers on the west façade are 223 feet high. They were intended to be crowned by spires, but the spires were never built. The cathedral is especially loved for its three stained glass rose windows and daring flying buttresses. During the Revolution, the building was extensively damaged and was saved from demolition by the emperor Napoleon.
Built in Agra between 1631 and 1648, the Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum designed by Ustad-Ahmad Lahori. This jewel of Indian architecture was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife. Additional buildings and elements were completed in 1653. The square tomb is raised and is dramatically located at the end of a formal garden. On the interior, the tomb chamber is octagonal and is surrounded by hallways and four corner rooms. Building materials are brick and lime veneered with marble and sandstone.
Taj Mahal designed by Ustad-Ahmad Lahori
As you can see from the above examples, the application of mathematical principles can result in some pretty amazing architecture. The architects’ work reflects eye-catching harmony and balance. Although these buildings are all quite old, their designs have pleasing proportions which have truly passed the test of time.
The Golden Section (aka Golden Mean, and Golden Ratio) phys.org
We use math in architecture on a daily basis to solve problems. We use it to achieve both functional and aesthetic advantages. By applying math to our architectural designs through the use of the Golden Section and other mathematical principles, we can achieve harmony and balance. As you will see from some of the examples below, the application of mathematical principles can result in beautiful and long-lasting architecture which has passed the test of time.
Using Math in Architecture for Function and Form
We use math in architecture every day at our office. For example, we use math to calculate the area of a building site or office space. Math helps us to determine the volume of gravel or soil that is needed to fill a hole. We rely on math when designing safe building structures and bridges by calculating loads and spans. Math also helps us to determine the best material to use for a structure, such as wood, concrete, or steel.
“Without mathematics there is no art.” – Luca Pacioli, De divina proportione, 1509
Architects also use math when making aesthetic decisions. For instance, we use numbers to achieve attractive proportion and harmony. This may seem counter-intuitive, but architects routinely apply a combination of math, science, and art to create attractive and functional structures. One example of this is when we use math to achieve harmony and proportion by applying a well-known principle called the Golden Section
Math and Proportion – The Golden Section
Perfect proportions of the human body – The Vitruvian Man – by Leonardo da Vinci.
We tend to think of beauty as purely subjective, but that is not necessarily the case. There is a relationship between math and beauty. By applying math to our architectural designs through the use of the Golden Section and other mathematical principles, we can achieve harmony and balance.
The Golden Section is one example of a mathematical principle that is believed to result in pleasing proportions. It was mentioned in the works of the Greek mathematician Euclid, the father of geometry. Since the 4th century, artists and architects have applied the Golden Section to their work.
The Golden Section is a rectangular form that, when cut in half or doubled, results in the same proportion as the original form. The proportions are 1: the square root of 2 (1.414) It is one of many mathematical principles that architects use to bring beautiful proportion to their designs.
Examples of the Golden Section are found extensively in nature, including the human body. The influential author Vitruvius asserted that the best designs are based on the perfect proportions of the human body.
Over the years many well-known artists and architects, such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, used the Golden Section to define the dimensions and proportions in their works. For example, you can see the Golden Section demonstrated in DaVinci’s painting Mona Lisa and his drawing Vitruvian Man.
Famous Buildings Influenced by Mathematical Principles
Here are some examples of famous buildings universally recognized for their beauty. We believe their architects used math and the principals of the Golden Section in their design:
The classical Doric columned Parthenon was built on the Acropolis between 447 and 432 BC. It was designed by the architects Iktinos and Kallikrates. The temple had two rooms to shelter a gold and ivory statue of the goddess Athena and her treasure. Visitors to the Parthenon viewed the statue and temple from the outside. The refined exterior is recognized for its proportional harmony which has influenced generations of designers. The pediment and frieze were decorated with sculpted scenes of Athena, the Gods, and heroes.
Built on the Ile de la Cite, Notre Dame was built on the site of two earlier churches. The foundation stone was laid by Pope Alexander III in 1163. The stone building demonstrates various styles of architecture, due to the fact that construction occurred for over 300 years. It is predominantly French Gothic, but also has elements of Renaissance and Naturalism. The cathedral interior is 427 feet x 157 feet in plan. The two Gothic towers on the west façade are 223 feet high. They were intended to be crowned by spires, but the spires were never built. The cathedral is especially loved for its three stained glass rose windows and daring flying buttresses. During the Revolution, the building was extensively damaged and was saved from demolition by the emperor Napoleon.
Built in Agra between 1631 and 1648, the Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum designed by Ustad-Ahmad Lahori. This jewel of Indian architecture was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife. Additional buildings and elements were completed in 1653. The square tomb is raised and is dramatically located at the end of a formal garden. On the interior, the tomb chamber is octagonal and is surrounded by hallways and four corner rooms. Building materials are brick and lime veneered with marble and sandstone.
Taj Mahal designed by Ustad-Ahmad Lahori
As you can see from the above examples, the application of mathematical principles can result in some pretty amazing architecture. The architects’ work reflects eye-catching harmony and balance. Although these buildings are all quite old, their designs have pleasing proportions which have truly passed the test of time.
The 18th century church of Santa Maria della Maddalena (1763-90), better known simply as La Maddalena, was designed by the Venetian architect Tommaso Temanza (1705-89).
The entrance to the church is surmounted by the inscription SAPIENTIA AEDIFICAVIT SIBI DOMUM (Wisdom has built herself a home) and a curious image of an eye surrounded by an interlocking circle and triangle.
The all-seeing eye is one of the symbols of freemasonry and both the architect and the patron (a member of the Baffo family) of the church were freemasons.
LA SANGRE DEL CORDERO EN EL DINTEL, EN CONTEXTO AL EXODO PASCUAL, ES UN TIPO DEL GRIAL
1. Éxodo 12:7: Y tomarán de la sangre, y la pondrán en los dos postes y en el DINTEL de las casas en que lo han de comer.
2. Éxodo 12:22: Y tomad un manojo de hisopo, y mojadlo en la sangre que estará en un lebrillo, y untad el DINTEL y los dos postes con la sangre que estará en el lebrillo; y ninguno de vosotros salga de las puertas de su casa hasta la mañana.
3. Éxodo 12:23: Porque Jehová pasará hiriendo a los egipcios; y cuando vea la sangre en el DINTEL y en los dos postes, pasará Jehová aquella puerta, y no dejará entrar al heridor en vuestras casas para herir.
Un dintel es un elemento estructural horizontal que salva un espacio libre entre dos apoyos. Es el elemento superior que permite abrir huecos en los muros para conformar puertas, ventanas o pórticos. Por extensión, el tipo de arquitectura, o construcción, que utiliza el uso de dinteles para cubrir los espacios en los edificios se llama arquitectura adintelada, o construcción adintelada. La que utiliza arcos o bóvedas se denomina arquitectura abovedada.
Los mejores exponentes de arquitectura adintelada en piedra son los edificios monumentales del Antiguo Egipto y la Grecia clásica. La palabra dintel proviene de la palabra latina: limitellus, que deriva etimológicamente de limen y limes. En latín la palabra limen significa umbral, puerta, entrada o comienzo, y limes se refiere a un sendero entre dos campos, límite o muralla.
Para un dintel cuyos extremos recaigan sobre los elementos verticales cuyo espacio libre salva el dintel, las mayores tensiones se da sobre la sección transversal central. En este caso, la tensión sobre el dintel, si éste es de canto pequeño en relación a la longitud, puede calcularse a partir de la teoría de vigas de Euler-Bernouilli para la flexión mecánica de vigas (si el canto es apreciable en relación a la longitud debe emplerarse la teoría de Timoschenko, que considera igualmente el efecto del esfuerzo cortante). En el caso anterior, la flexión hace que la parte superior del mismo esté comprimida, y la inferior esté traccionada.
Los materiales rígidos como las rocas (el hormigón y otros materiales de tipo cerámico) soportan peor los esfuerzos de tracción que los de compresión, por lo que la patología más habitual en los dinteles pétreos son las fisuras que surgen desde la parte inferior de la cara inferior y progresan hasta la parte superior.
Tema anterior
Primer 
Último 
Incendio Notre Dame (París), en directo (Bertrand Guay / AFP)
