Madeleine
La estación de la línea 12
Estación de Madeleine Estación de Madeleine (París)
Ubicación
Coordenadas	48°52′11″N 2°19′28″E
Comuna	VIII Distrito
Localidad	París
Datos de la estación
Código	10-03 o MAD
Inauguración	5 de noviembre de 1910
Pasajeros	Sin datos disponibles
N.º de vías	6
Propietario	RATP
Operador	RATP
Líneas
Estación de Concorde ←   → Estación de Opéra     Estación de Paris Saint-Lazare ←   → Estación de Concorde     Estación de Paris Saint-Lazare ←   → Estación de Pyramides
[editar datos en Wikidata]

Madeleine es una estación de las líneas 8, 12 y 14 del metro de París situada en el 8.º distrito, cerca de la Iglesia de la Madeleine.

El nombre de la estación proviene de un pueblo que se estableció en el siglo vi al oeste de la capital en torno a una capilla de la diócesis de París que fue dedicada en el siglo xiii a Santa María Magdalena. Siglos después se incorporó a París al crecer la ciudad y se edificó el actual templo de estilo neoclásico.

Fue inaugurada el 5 de noviembre de 1910 con la apertura de la línea A, hoy línea 12, de la Compañía Nord-Sud. El 13 de julio de 1913, llegaría la línea 8, con la puesta en marcha de su tramo inicial entre en Beaugrenelle y Opéra. Mucho más recientemente, el 15 de octubre de 1998, se abrió la estación de la línea 14, una estación que marcó el final de línea hasta el año 2003, siendo posteriormente prolongada hasta Saint-Lazare.

Se compone de dos andenes laterales 75 metros de longitud y de dos vías.

Está diseñada en bóveda elíptica revestida completamente de los clásicos azulejos blancos biselados del metro parisino.

La iluminación es de estilo Motte y se realiza con lámparas resguardadas en estructuras rectangulares de color naranja que sobrevuelan la totalidad de los andenes no muy lejos de las vías.

La señalización por su parte usa la moderna tipografía Parisine donde el nombre de la estación aparece en letras blancas sobre un panel metálico de color azul. Por último los asientos, que también son de estilo Motte, combinan una larga y estrecha hilera de cemento revestida de azulejos naranja que sirve de banco improvisado con algunos asientos individualizados de color amarillo que se sitúan sobre dicha estructura.

Se compone de dos andenes laterales curvados de 75 metros de longitud y de dos vías.

En su diseño es idéntica a la estación de la línea 8 variando el color, ya que en este caso se ha optado por el rojo.

A diferencias de las anteriores, la estación de la línea 14 si ofrece mayores elementos decorativos.

En sus accesos, dentro de una urna de cristal, se conserva una réplica de una obra del escultor rumano Constantin Brancusi llamada La prière (el rezo), que muestra a una figura humana desnuda rezando de rodillas. La obra fue donada a la RATP por la fundación franco-rumana para celebrar el 125 aniversario del nacimiento del autor. También en los accesos a la estación se encuentra una vidriera semicircular, a pie de suelo, que representa la gallina Ryaba junto a un texto escrito en ruso que fue donada por el metro de Moscú. Por último, dentro de la estación, en la bóveda de piedra se encuentra una instalación artística, realizada por Jacques Tissinier, titulada Tissignalisation n°14. Consiste en la colocación de mil discos de acero de 16 centímetros de diámetro que simulan hojas de papiro estilizadas coloreadas en blanco, azul, rojo y naranja.

En cuando a la estación en si, se compone de dos andenes laterales de 120 metros y de dos vías, siguiendo con el diseño moderno de todas las estaciones de la línea 14. Sin embargo, eso no ha evitado problemas de mal olor causado por la emanación de ácido sulfhídrico por culpa de una aislamiento defectuoso de las instalaciones.¹​

• Pierre Miquel (1993). Petite histoire des stations de métro. éditions Albin Michel. ISBN 2-226-06671-3.

Walter Scott (1796 – April 23, 1861) was one of the four key early leaders in the Restoration Movement, along with Barton W. Stone, Thomas Campbell and Thomas' son Alexander Campbell.^[1]: 673  He was a successful evangelist and helped to stabilize the Campbell movement as it was separating from the Baptists.^[1]: 673

Walter was born to John and Mary Innes Scott in 1796 in the town of Moffatt, Scotland.^[1]: 673  His parents, who were members of the Church of Scotland, hoped that he would become a Presbyterian minister.^[1]: 673  He spent six years at the University of Edinburgh, leaving in 1818.^[1]: 673  The same year he went to New York City at the invitation of his maternal uncle, where he taught languages at a school on Long Island.^[1]: 673  He soon moved to Pittsburgh, where he was baptized by immersion and became an active member of a small congregation led by a fellow Scotsman named George Forrester.^[1]: 673  Forrester helped shape Walter's understanding of Christianity, and in particular his belief that immersion was the only appropriate form of baptism.^[1]: 673

The congregation in Pittsburgh influenced by the movement led by James and Robert Haldane.^[1]: 673  The Haldanes, who hoped to restore New Testament Christianity, rejected the authority of creeds, observed the Lord's Supper weekly, practiced foot washing and by 1809 practiced believer's baptism by immersion rather than infant baptism.^[1]: 674  Forrester also introduced Scott to the writings of John Glas and Robert Sandeman.^[1]: 674  When Forrester died in 1820, Scott replaced him as minister and as director of a small school.^[1]: 674

Scott married Sarah Whitsette in 1823, and the family moved to Ohio in 1826^[1]: 675  He began working with the Campbells in August of that year.^[1]: 675  He was hired to work as an evangelist in 1827.^[1]: 675  Within three years he brought over 3,000 converts into the movement.^[1]: 675  At that time the Campbells were associated with the Mahoning Baptist Association; as the number of converts grew, conflicts with other Baptists also grew.^[1]: 675  In 1839 Scott and the Campbells disassociated themselves from the Baptists.^[1]: 675

Scott continued to preach after 1829, but increasingly his focus shifted to writing.^[1]: 675  In 1852 the family moved to Covington, Kentucky where he established a school for women.^[1]: 675  He died on April 23, 1861.^[1]: 676

Scott's written work, most of which dates from after 1830, influenced the Restoration Movement throughout the 19th century.^[1]: 676  Scott founded two periodicals: The Evangelist in 1832, and The Protestant Unionist in 1844.^[1]: 675  As a journalist, he wrote about a wide range of topics, including church music, issues important to the Restoration Movement and also more general domestic and foreign news.^[1]: 676

His work has been described as "profoundly theological."^[1]: 676  Influenced by Francis Bacon and John Locke, Scott believed theology should be reasonable, able to be explained in reasonable terms and able to withstand reasonable criticism.^[1]: 676  His first book, A Discourse on the Holy Spirit, was published in 1831.^{[1]: 676 [2]} Scott understood the Holy Spirit to work through the Biblical inspiration and the church; fundamentally, he saw the Spirit working externally through scripture and teaching to convert sinners, rather than through an internal experience or operation.^[1]: 677  Scott believed that before repentance and baptism the Spirit works externally by bringing to individuals the evidence of scripture and preaching concerning the acts of God, and that the individual then evaluates that evidence and rationally decides to respond in faith.^[1]: 677  His most important written work was The Gospel Restored, which was published in 1836.^[1]: 676  In it he outlined a six-phased covenantal understanding of salvation, with three phases taken by the individual and three by God.^[1]: 676  The three phases taken by the individual were faith, repentance and baptism; the three phases provided by God were remission of sins, the gift of the Holy Spirit and eternal life.^[1]: 676

Other works include:

• To Themelion: The Union of Christians (1852)^[1]: 678
• Nekrosis, or the Death of Christ (1853)^[1]: 678
• The Messiahship, or the Great Demonstration (1859)^[1]: 679

Canada
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: A mari usque ad mare (Latin) "From Sea to Sea"
Anthem: "O Canada"    Duration: 1 minute and 14 seconds.1:14 Royal anthem: "God Save the King"[1]    Duration: 51 seconds.0:51
Capital	Ottawa 45°24′N 75°40′W
Largest city	Toronto
Official languages	English French
Demonym(s)	Canadian
Government	Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch	Charles III
• Governor General	Mary Simon
• Prime Minister	Justin Trudeau
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Commons
Independence  from the United Kingdom
• Confederation	July 1, 1867
• Statute of Westminster, 1931	December 11, 1931
• Patriation	April 17, 1982
Area
• Total area	9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) (2nd)
• Water (%)	11.76 (2015)[2]
• Total land area	9,093,507 km2 (3,511,023 sq mi)
Population
• 2024 Q4 estimate	41,465,298[3] (36th)
• 2021 census	36,991,981[4]
• Density	4.2/km2 (10.9/sq mi) (236th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$2.582 trillion[5] (16th)
• Per capita	$62,766[5] (30th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$2.215 trillion[5] (9th)
• Per capita	$53,834[5] (18th)
Gini (2024)	29.2[6] low inequality
HDI (2022)	0.935[7] very high (18th)
Currency	Canadian dollar ($) (CAD)
Time zone	UTC−3.5 to −8
• Summer (DST)	UTC−2.5 to −7
Calling code	+1
ISO 3166 code	CA
Internet TLD	.ca

Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-largest country by total area, with the world's longest coastline. Its border with the United States is the world's longest international land border. The country is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions. With a population of just over 41 million people, it has widely varying population densities, with the majority residing in urban areas and large areas of the country being sparsely populated. Canada's capital is Ottawa and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories resulting in the displacement of Indigenous populations, and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This increased sovereignty was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster, 1931, and culminated in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition. The country's head of government is the prime minister, who holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons and is appointed by the governor general, representing the monarch of Canada, the ceremonial head of state. The country is a Commonwealth realm and is officially bilingual (English and French) in the federal jurisdiction. It is very highly ranked in international measurements of government transparency, quality of life, economic competitiveness, innovation, education and human rights. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its history, economy, and culture.

A developed country, Canada has a high nominal per capita income globally and its advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world by nominal GDP, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Recognized as a middle power, Canada's strong support for multilateralism and internationalism has been closely related to its foreign relations policies of peacekeeping and aid for developing countries. Canada is part of multiple international organizations and forums.

While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of Canada, the name is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".^[8] In 1535, Indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona.^[9] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona);^[9] by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as Canada.^[9]

From the 16th to the early 18th century, Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River.^[10] Following the British conquest of New France, this area was known as the British Province of Quebec from 1763 to 1791.^[11] In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada. These two colonies were collectively named the Canadas until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841.^[12]

Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the London Conference and the word dominion was conferred as the country's title.^[13] By the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a "realm of the Commonwealth".^[14]

The Canada Act 1982, which brought the Constitution of Canada fully under Canadian control, referred only to Canada. Later that year, the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day.^[15]