Generation of Sinusoidal Waveforms

In our tutorials about Electromagnetism, we saw how an electric current flowing through a conductor can be used to generate a magnetic field around itself, and also if a single wire conductor is moved or rotated within a stationary magnetic field, an “EMF”, (Electro-Motive Force) will be induced within the conductor due to this movement.

From this tutorial we learnt that a relationship exists between Electricity and Magnetism giving us, as Michael Faraday discovered the effect of “Electromagnetic Induction” and it is this basic principal that electrical machines and generators use to generate a Sinusoidal Waveform for our mains supply.

In the Electromagnetic Induction, tutorial we said that when a single wire conductor moves through a permanent magnetic field thereby cutting its lines of flux, an EMF is induced in it.

However, if the conductor moves in parallel with the magnetic field in the case of points A and B, no lines of flux are cut and no EMF is induced into the conductor, but if the conductor moves at right angles to the magnetic field as in the case of points C and D, the maximum amount of magnetic flux is cut producing the maximum amount of induced EMF.

Also, as the conductor cuts the magnetic field at different angles between points A and C, 0 and 90^o the amount of induced EMF will lie somewhere between this zero and maximum value. Then the amount of emf induced within a conductor depends on the angle between the conductor and the magnetic flux as well as the strength of the magnetic field.

An AC generator uses the principal of Faraday’s electromagnetic induction to convert a mechanical energy such as rotation, into electrical energy, a Sinusoidal Waveform. A simple generator consists of a pair of permanent magnets producing a fixed magnetic field between a north and a south pole. Inside this magnetic field is a single rectangular loop of wire that can be rotated around a fixed axis allowing it to cut the magnetic flux at various angles as shown below.

Basic Single Coil AC Generator

As the coil rotates anticlockwise around the central axis which is perpendicular to the magnetic field, the wire loop cuts the lines of magnetic force set up between the north and south poles at different angles as the loop rotates. The amount of induced EMF in the loop at any instant of time is proportional to the angle of rotation of the wire loop.

As this wire loop rotates, electrons in the wire flow in one direction around the loop. Now when the wire loop has rotated past the 180^o point and moves across the magnetic lines of force in the opposite direction, the electrons in the wire loop change and flow in the opposite direction. Then the direction of the electron movement determines the polarity of the induced voltage.

So we can see that when the loop or coil physically rotates one complete revolution, or 360^o, one full sinusoidal waveform is produced with one cycle of the waveform being produced for each revolution of the coil. As the coil rotates within the magnetic field, the electrical connections are made to the coil by means of carbon brushes and slip-rings which are used to transfer the electrical current induced in the coil.

The amount of EMF induced into a coil cutting the magnetic lines of force is determined by the following three factors.

• • Speed – the speed at which the coil rotates inside the magnetic field.
• • Strength – the strength of the magnetic field.
• • Length – the length of the coil or conductor passing through the magnetic field.

We know that the frequency of a supply is the number of times a cycle appears in one second and that frequency is measured in Hertz. As one cycle of induced emf is produced each full revolution of the coil through a magnetic field comprising of a north and south pole as shown above, if the coil rotates at a constant speed a constant number of cycles will be produced per second giving a constant frequency. So by increasing the speed of rotation of the coil the frequency will also be increased. Therefore, frequency is proportional to the speed of rotation, ( ƒ ∝ Ν ) where Ν = r.p.m.

Also, our simple single coil generator above only has two poles, one north and one south pole, giving just one pair of poles. If we add more magnetic poles to the generator above so that it now has four poles in total, two north and two south, then for each revolution of the coil two cycles will be produced for the same rotational speed. Therefore, frequency is proportional to the number of pairs of magnetic poles, ( ƒ ∝ P ) of the generator where P = is the number of “pairs of poles”.

Then from these two facts we can say that the frequency output from an AC generator is:

Where: Ν is the speed of rotation in r.p.m. P is the number of “pairs of poles” and 60 converts it into seconds.

Instantaneous Voltage

The EMF induced in the coil at any instant of time depends upon the rate or speed at which the coil cuts the lines of magnetic flux between the poles and this is dependant upon the angle of rotation, Theta ( θ ) of the generating device. Because an AC waveform is constantly changing its value or amplitude, the waveform at any instant in time will have a different value from its next instant in time.

For example, the value at 1ms will be different to the value at 1.2ms and so on. These values are known generally as the Instantaneous Values, or V_i Then the instantaneous value of the waveform and also its direction will vary according to the position of the coil within the magnetic field as shown below.

Displacement of a Coil within a Magnetic Field

The instantaneous values of a sinusoidal waveform is given as the “Instantaneous value = Maximum value x sin θ ” and this is generalized by the formula.

Where, V_max is the maximum voltage induced in the coil and θ = ωt, is the angle of coil rotation.

If we know the maximum or peak value of the waveform, by using the formula above the instantaneous values at various points along the waveform can be calculated. By plotting these values out onto graph paper, a sinusoidal waveform shape can be constructed.

In order to keep things simple we will plot the instantaneous values for the sinusoidal waveform at every 45^o of rotation giving us 8 points to plot. Again, to keep it simple we will assume a maximum voltage, V_MAX value of 100V. Plotting the instantaneous values at shorter intervals, for example at every 30^o (12 points) or 10^o (36 points) for example would result in a more accurate sinusoidal waveform construction.

Sinusoidal Waveform Construction

The points on the sinusoidal waveform are obtained by projecting across from the various positions of rotation between 0^o and 360^o to the ordinate of the waveform that corresponds to the angle, θ and when the wire loop or coil rotates one complete revolution, or 360^o, one full waveform is produced.

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From the plot of the sinusoidal waveform we can see that when θ is equal to 0^o, 180^o or 360^o, the generated EMF is zero as the coil cuts the minimum amount of lines of flux. But when θ is equal to 90^o and 270^o the generated EMF is at its maximum value as the maximum amount of flux is cut.

Therefore a sinusoidal waveform has a positive peak at 90^o and a negative peak at 270^o. Positions B, D, F and H generate a value of EMF corresponding to the formula e = Vmax.sinθ.

Then the waveform shape produced by our simple single loop generator is commonly referred to as a Sine Wave as it is said to be sinusoidal in its shape. This type of waveform is called a sine wave because it is based on the trigonometric sine function used in mathematics, ( x(t) = Amax.sinθ ).

When dealing with sine waves in the time domain and especially current related sine waves the unit of measurement used along the horizontal axis of the waveform can be either time, degrees or radians. In electrical engineering it is more common to use the Radian as the angular measurement of the angle along the horizontal axis rather than degrees. For example, ω = 100 rad/s, or 500 rad/s.

Radians

The Radian, (rad) is defined mathematically as a quadrant of a circle where the distance subtended on the circumference equals the radius (r) of the circle. Since the circumference of a circle is equal to 2π x radius, there must be 2π radians around a 360^o circle, so 1 radian = 360^o/2π = 57.3^o. In electrical engineering the use of radians is very common so it is important to remember the following formula.

Definition of a Radian

Using radians as the unit of measurement for a sinusoidal waveform would give 2π radians for one full cycle of 360^o. Then half a sinusoidal waveform must be equal to 1π radians or just π (pi). Then knowing that pi, π is equal to 3.142 or 22÷7, the relationship between degrees and radians for a sinusoidal waveform is given as.

Relationship between Degrees and Radians

Applying these two equations to various points along the waveform gives us.

The conversion between degrees and radians for the more common equivalents used in sinusoidal analysis are given in the following table.

Relationship between Degrees and Radians

The velocity at which the generator rotates around its central axis determines the frequency of the sinusoidal waveform. As the frequency of the waveform is given as ƒ Hz or cycles per second, the waveform has angular frequency, ω, (Greek letter omega), in radians per second. Then the angular velocity of a sinusoidal waveform is given as.

Angular Velocity of a Sinusoidal Waveform

and in the United Kingdom, the angular velocity or frequency of the mains supply is given as:

in the USA as their mains supply frequency is 60Hz it is therefore: 377 rad/s

So we now know that the velocity at which the generator rotates around its central axis determines the frequency of the sinusoidal waveform and which can also be called its angular velocity, ω. But we should by now also know that the time required to complete one revolution is equal to the periodic time, (T) of the sinusoidal waveform.

As frequency is inversely proportional to its time period, ƒ = 1/T we can therefore substitute the frequency quantity in the above equation for the equivalent periodic time quantity and substituting gives us.

The above equation states that for a smaller periodic time of the sinusoidal waveform, the greater must be the angular velocity of the waveform. Likewise in the equation above for the frequency quantity, the higher the frequency the higher the angular velocity.

Sinusoidal Waveform Example No1

A sinusoidal waveform is defined as: V_m = 169.8 sin(377t) volts. Calculate the RMS voltage of the waveform, its frequency and the instantaneous value of the voltage after a time of 6ms.

We know from above that the general expression given for a sinusoidal waveform is:

Then comparing this to our given expression for a sinusoidal waveform above of V_m = 169.8 sin(377t) will give us the peak voltage value of 169.8 volts for the waveform.

The waveforms RMS voltage is calculated as:

The angular velocity (ω) is given as 377 rad/s. Then 2πƒ = 377. So the frequency of the waveform is calculated as:

The instantaneous voltage V_i value after a time of 6mS is given as:

Note that the phase angle at time t = 6mS is given in radians. We could quite easily convert this to degrees if we wanted to and use this value instead to calculate the instantaneous voltage value. The angle in degrees will therefore be given as:

Sinusoidal Waveform

Then the generalised format used for analysing and calculating the various values of a Sinusoidal Waveform is as follows:

A Sinusoidal Waveform

In the next tutorial about Phase Difference we will look at the relationship between two sinusoidal waveforms that are of the same frequency but pass through the horizontal zero axis at different time intervals.

Tao of the Tau

• January 16th, 2012
• Posted in Architecture . Geometry . Symbolism
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Tau is the Greek letter T or τ in lower case.

The symbol τ was used in mathematics to represent the golden ratio until the Greek letter Phi (Φ) gained prominance (after the first letter of Phidias, acclaimed sculptor of the Parthenon).

Tau is also known as the symbol representing the ratio of any circle’s circumference to its radius (equal to 2π).

Advocates for τ argue that radius is more fundamental to circles than diameter, and therefore, that τ (circumference divided by radius) is more fundamental than π (circumference divided by diameter). They think this makes formulas written in terms of τ express the mathematics more clearly than with π. –Source

Using τ instead of 2π makes a lot of sense to me:

• A circle is defined as all points in a plane a certain radius away from a center point.
• The unit circle has a radius of 1, not a diameter of 1.
• Angles measured in radians make more sense using τ rather than 2π because τ radians measures a full circle, so 1/4 circle is τ/4, 1/2 circle is τ/2 and so on.

However using τ is really a moot point because π already won the mindshare. However I find it interesting that Tau has been used to represent both the golden ratio (Φ) and the relationship of a circle to its radius (more commonly known as π).

I can think of one other symbol that encodes in its proportions both mathematical ideas: the Great Pyramid. Note that the proportions 4:π and Φ:1 are not taken at the same time but I’ve shown them together for simplicity, so read the left and right halves of the diagram separately.

“The Tau cross is also a symbol of the male or creative side of the deity, and is really a conventionalized form of the phallus.” –Freemasonry and the Ancient Gods by J.S. Ward

Crowley used an inverted Tau on the cover of his book Magick, which was “regarded in serious occult circles as a book of ultimate authority on sexual magic.” –Source

Seen right-side-up, the T is seen as the shape of the cross on which Jesus was crucified.

The TAU cross is preserved to modern Masonry under the symbol of the T square. This appears to be the oldest form of the cross extant.” –The Secret Teachings of All Ages by Manly Hall

There are several instances in the Bible of the Tau cross anticipating the Latin cross:

• The angel of death passed over the children of Israel who painted the Tau mark in goat’s or sheep’s blood above their doors to slay all Egyptian firstborn. This is better known as Passover. See Exodus 11:1 in the Brick Testament.
• The Tau mark was placed upon the foreheads of particular men to save them from being slain in yet another genocidal bloodbath depicted in Ezekiel 9 (unforunately this isn’t illustrated in Lego).
• The summit of Mt. Nebo in Jordan is the location of the Brazen Serpent Monument, featuring a snake wrapped around a Tau cross.

Image by Jerzy Strzelecki under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

Mt. Nebo is where Moses saw the promised land of Israel (but wasn’t allowed to go there himself). You can see Jerusalem on a clear day from this monument.

Pope Benedict XVI visited the site on May 9, 2009, gave a speech, and looked out from the top of the mountain in the direction of Jerusalem. –Source

The fiery serpent comes from the Bible (Numbers 21:5-9):

• “And the people spake against God, and against Moses, Wherefore have ye brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? for there is no bread, neither is there any water; and our soul loatheth this light bread.
• And the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died.
• Therefore the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for we have spoken against the LORD, and against thee; pray unto the LORD, that he take away the serpents from us. And Moses prayed for the people.
• And the LORD said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live.
• And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived.”

Check out this version illustrated with Lego. I like the Brick Testament because it consistently shows the character of this God. In this case God kills his chosen people with snakes because they complained about being hungry and thirsty. It’s easy to forget that and recall only that he healed those who didn’t complain with the Nehushtan as it is also known.

The 25th degree in Scottish Freemasonry is called is The Knight of the Brazen Serpent.

Here is a old masonic jewel that is probably from this degree.

Thanks to Rick for this image

The above image reminds one of the Rod of Asclepius. Here it is as the Star of Life, logo of the emergency medical services worldwide.

Also the emblem of the World Heath Organization underlines the fact that it is a specialized agency of the United Nations with its 33 sector grid laid over the world.

The symbol of a serpent climbing the pole is also a symbol of Kundalini, or life force rising up the spinal column.

These symbols all came from the Crux Ansata, better known as the Ankh. Think of it as a yoni on top of a lingam, or vesica piscis on top of a tau if you will. What better way to symbolize life then through sexual union? This has been pushed into the shadow in the last two thousand years in the West.

Thanks to reader Rick for pointing out that the Hindu Ardhanari is a composite androgynous form of the Hindu god Shiva and his consort Parvati: half male and half female, split down the middle. Note the Ankh is used here as a depiction of both male and female genitalia.

Image from Tantra: Cult of the Feminine by Andre van Lysebeth page 240

The Hindu androgyne reminds me of Baphomet whom the Templars revealed they worshipped under torture by the French Catholics in 1307.

Often mistaken for Satan, Baphomet represents the duality of male and female, as well as Heaven and Hell or night and day signified by the raising of one arm and the downward gesture of the other. –Source

I can’t help remember sex kitten Lady Gaga striking a similar pose in a Masonic Lodge (see Repeating Ones).

Image source

Look closely: Gaga’s left breast (on our right) is pushed up and her right breast is flattened much like Ardhanari. Gaga as Baphomet.

Image by Redtigerxyz  under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license

Andre van Lysebeth shows in Tantra that the Om glyph actually represents the sexual act (female on the left and male on the right in this case) with what looks to me like the sun and moon in the upper right:

Image from Tantra: Cult of the Feminine by Andre van Lysebeth page 170

The Ankh is similar to the concept of the Tao in Chinese philosophy and religion. Opposites coming together form a dynamic balance.

Thank you Ian le Cheminant for emailing me this vitally important concept:

I had always associated synchronicity with Carl Jung but recently rereading Lama Anagarika Govinda’s The Inner Structure of the I Ching I was reminded that as a mode of thinking it is profoundly Chinese. Govinda writes: “All our reasoning is based on the law of cause and effect operating as a sequence. The Chinese do not reason so much along this horizontal line from past, through present to future; they reason perpendicularly, from what is in one place now to what is in another place now. In other words, they do not ask why, or from what past causes, a certain set of things is happening now; they ask, ‘What is the meaning of these things happening at this moment?’ The word Tao is the answer to this question. The present situation within and around oneself is Tao, for the present moment is life. Our memory of the past is contained in it as well as the potentiality for the future.”

Squaring the circle also comes to mind as a larger resolution of opposites, in the case of heaven and earth.

Earth Sun Moon by Scott Onstott

Pi brings together the linear and the curved, the limited and the unlimited, the human and the divine.

The Sword and the Ring by Scott Onstott

Slight dyslexia is all you need to get from Angels to Angles. In many areas of mathematics angles are measured in radians rather than degrees. One radian is equal to about 57 degrees (57.2957795…).

360 degrees = 2π or 6.283185… radians. An angle of 1 radian results in an arc with a length equal to the radius of the circle.

Tau is the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet. Three Taus therefore have a value of 3 x 19 = 57.

Triple Tau is an important Masonic symbol.

“This emblem, placed in the center of a Triangle and Circle – both emblems of Deity – constitutes the jewel of the Royal Arch as practiced in England, where it is so highly esteemed as to be called the “emblem of all emblems,” and “the grand emblem of Royal Arch Masonry.” –Source

Image by PeRshGo under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

The Royal Arch Degree Jew-el has a Star of David composed of two interlocking triangles (male and female) and a triple Tau at the bottom. This reminds me of the phrase triple bottom line or Hermes Trismegistus.

This ancient Alchemical emblem found in the ruins of Pompei suggests that the Star of David is a metaphor for the sexual act, a fact covered up by the SATOR magic square (see Paternoster Squares).

Image from The Contiunuum Encyclopedia of Symbols by Udo Becker

Robert Fowler discovered a cipher in Shakespeare’s sonnets dedication poem that requires one understand the Royal Arch Degree jewel in order to decode it. It’s a fascinating intellectual journey that I won’t belabour in this post.

However I will mention the decoded message refers to eternal life and a diagram that appears to depict Orion, an obelisk, a pyramid, the Star of David, and rays of the Sun. It is becoming harder not to see that Francis Bacon was involved in writing the works of “William Shakespeare.”

Listen to Robert Newman on The Shakespeare Project.

The 33rd degree jewel depicts four Taus forming a Greek cross.

“The quadruple tau, moreover, being composed entirely of ‘right angles, horizontals, and perpendiculars,’ contains within itself all the secret signs of Freemasonry, a fact which I am not permitted to further explain. It will, however, be apparent to every ‘bright mason,’ who can soon study them all out for himself.” –Stellar Theology and Masonic Astronomy by Robert Hewitt Brown

I’m not a mason but am bright enough to see at least on one level that the Quadruple Tau cross represents the great cross in the heavens as discussed in my Esoteric Astronomy video. The four beasts corresponding to the fixed signs in the aforementioned alchemical seal and Royal Arch degree jewel support this notion.

Here’s the Hindu version of the 33rd degree jewel: the Sri Yantra aka Sri Chakra. In addition to four taus, it features nine interlocking triangles, just as the 33rd degree jewel shows a nine pointed star and the brazen serpent jewel depicts a nine-pointed star.

Image by N.Manytchkine under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license

That brings me to a couple of very interesting buildings I’ve become aware of that I think encode the Quadruple Tau symbol. First up is Terrace on the Park at 52-11 111th Street in Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, NY. Do you see the solar 52 weeks in a year encoded with all the ones? The building was contructed as a helipad for the 1964 World’s Fair, which I plan to post about another time. One can say it has a special connection with the sky.

Thanks to John Handrinos who lives nearby the park for pointing out many of its secrets in plain sight.

Here is the official video about what goes on inside Terrace on the Park. Lots of people getting married inside Terrace on the Park seems quite appropriate symbolically.

 

http://www.secretsinplainsight.com/2012/01/16/tao-of-the-tau/

The definition of 1 radian. The red line (radius) and blue line (arc length) are the same length. By Stannered, CC-SA-BY-3.0

Guillermo Marconi (NACIO EN EL MISMO DIA DE SAN MARCOS, OSEA EL 25 DE ABRIL)

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Guillermo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi.
Nacimiento	25 de abril de 1874 Bolonia, Italia
Fallecimiento	20 de julio de 1937 (63 años) Roma, Reino de Italia
Campo	Espectrometría
Alma máter	Universidad de Roma
Conocido por	Invención de la radio
Premios destacados	Premio Nobel de Física (1909)
Cónyuge	Maria Cristina Bezzi Scali (1927-1937)
Hijos	Maria Elettra[1]
Firma
[editar datos en Wikidata]

Guillermo Marconi (castellanización de su nombre original Guglielmo Marconi) (Bolonia, 25 de abril de 1874 - Roma, 20 de julio de 1937) fue un ingeniero eléctrico, empresario e inventor italiano, conocido como uno de los más destacados impulsores de la radio transmisión a larga distancia, por el establecimiento de la Ley de Marconi así como por el desarrollo de un sistema de telegrafía sin hilos (T.S.H.) o radiotelegrafía. Ganó el Premio Nobel de Física en 1909.

Fue también uno de los inventores más reconocidos, y además del Premio Nobel, ganó la Medalla Franklin, por el Instituto Franklin, fue presidente de la Accademia de Italia y el Rey Víctor Manuel III de Italia lo nombró Marqués, con lo que pasó a recibir el trato de «Ilustrísimo Señor». Además, está incluido en el Salón de la Fama del Museo de Telecomunicaciones y Difusión de Chicago, y en su honor se entregan los NAB Marconi Radio Awards, una premiación realizada anualmente por la Asociación Nacional de Radiodifusión de los Estados Unidos.

 

Índice

 [ocultar] 

• 1 Biografía
• 2 Inventos atribuidos
• 3 Aportes a la ciencia
• 4 Véase también
• 5 Referencias
• 6 Enlaces externos

 

Biografía[editar]

Busto a Marconi en Tandil.

Segundo hijo de Giuseppe Marconi, terrateniente italiano, y su esposa de origen irlandés Annie Jameson, estudió en la Universidad de Bolonia. Fue allí donde llevó a cabo los primeros experimentos acerca del empleo de ondas electromagnéticas para la comunicación telegráfica. En 1896 los resultados de estos experimentos se aplicaron en Gran Bretaña, entre Penarth y Weston, y en 1898 en el arsenal naval italiano de La Spezia. A petición del gobierno de Francia, en 1899 hizo una demostración práctica de sus descubrimientos, y estableció comunicaciones inalámbricas a través del canal de la Mancha, entre Dover y Wimereux. Patentó la radio, aunque solo en un país y utilizando para su realización catorce patentes de Nikola Tesla, fechadas el 2 de julio de 1897 en el Reino Unido. En años posteriores dicha paternidad fue disputada por varias personas. De hecho, otros países, tales como Francia o Rusia rechazaron reconocer la patente por dicha invención, refiriéndose a las publicaciones de Alexander Popov publicadas anteriormente. Tesla había inventado un dispositivo similar al menos quince años antes que él. En la década de los cuarenta el Tribunal Supremo de los Estados Unidos dictaminó que la patente relativa a la radio era legítima propiedad de Tesla, y lo reconoció como inventor legal de ésta, si bien esto no trascendió a la opinión pública, que sigue considerando a Marconi como su inventor. En todo caso, fue Marconi quien desarrolló comercialmente la radio.

Atraído por la idea de transmitir ondas de radio a través del Atlántico, marchó a Saint John's (Terranova), donde, el 12 de diciembre de 1901 recibió la letra "S" en Código Morse, transmitida por encargo suyo desde Poldhu (Cornualles) por uno de sus ayudantes, a través de 3.360 km de océano. No obstante, la primera comunicación transatlántica completa no se hizo hasta 1907. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden ya había trasmitido la voz humana con ondas de radio el 23 de diciembre de 1900.

En 1903 estableció en los Estados Unidos la estación WCC, para transmitir mensajes de este a oeste, en cuya inauguración cruzaron mensajes de salutación el presidente Theodore Roosevelt y el rey Eduardo VII del Reino Unido. En 1904 llegó a un acuerdo con la Oficina de Correos británica para la transmisión comercial de mensajes por radio. Ese mismo año puso en marcha el primer periódico oceánico a bordo de los buques de la línea Cunard, que recibía las noticias por radio.

Su nombre se volvió mundialmente famoso a consecuencia del papel que tuvo la radio al salvar cientos de vidas con ocasión de los desastres del Republic (1909) y del Titanic (1912).

El valor de la radio en la guerra se demostró por primera vez durante la Guerra Ítalo-Turca de 1911. Con la entrada de Italia en la I Guerra Mundial en 1915, fue designado responsable de las comunicaciones inalámbricas para todas las fuerzas armadas, y visitó los Estados Unidos en 1917 como miembro de la delegación italiana.

Tras la guerra pasó varios años trabajando en su yate, Elettra, preparado como laboratorio, en experimentos relativos a la conducción de onda corta y probando la transmisión inalámbrica dirigida.

Obtuvo, en 1909, el premio Nobel de Física, que compartió con Karl Ferdinand Braun. Fue nombrado miembro vitalicio del Senado del Reino de Italia en 1918 y en 1929 recibió el título de marqués. Se cree que Nikola Tesla rechazó el premio Nobel porque decía precisamente que Marconi había tomado patentes suyas para hacer su invento, y que hasta que le retirasen el premio a Marconi él no lo aceptaría.

La Radio Vaticana fue fundada por Guillermo Marconi e inaugurada por Pío XI (con el Mensaje radial Qui arcano Dei) el 12 de febrero de 1931.^[2]

Inventos atribuidos[editar]

La primera patente de la radio, aunque en un solo país y utilizando para su realización diecisiete patentes de Nikola Tesla, verdadero inventor de la radio junto con Julio Cervera, quien la registró el 2 de julio de 1897 en el Reino Unido. Un año después de la primera transmisión sin hilos, Marconi patentó su invento y los ingleses concedieron al joven inventor de veintidós años de edad una subvención de 15.000 francos. De ahí en más, el éxito no se hizo esperar. Por pedido del gobierno francés hizo una demostración práctica de sus descubrimientos en 1899, estableciendo comunicaciones inalámbricas a través del canal de la Mancha. El 27 de marzo de 1899 consigue el enlace a través del canal de la Mancha, entre Dover (Inglaterra) y Boulougne (Francia), a una distancia de 48 km, en lo que fue la primera transmisión entre ambos países. Cabe aclarar que el 21 de junio de 1943 la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos otorgó los derechos de las patentes a Tesla y no a Marconi por la invención de la radio.^[3]

Aportes a la ciencia[editar]

• Telegrafía usando el código Morse (inventado por Samuel Morse) sin necesidad de cables conductores.
• La Antena Marconi.
• Comercialización de la radio

Véase también[editar]

• Nikola Tesla
• Electricidad
• Marconi (banda)
• Historia de la electricidad
• Compañía Marconi
• Maria Cristina Marconi, Elettra Marconi (2002). Marconi My Beloved. Branden Books. ISBN 9780937832394.

 

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Marconi