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Independencia del Perú

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Emancipación peruana
Guerra de independencia hispanoamericana
Banderas nacionales peruanas de la independencia
Fecha	28 de julio de 1821 (Declaración de Independencia del Perú). La guerra se desarrolla entre 1811-1826
Lugar	Perú y Alto Perú
Resultado	Perú se independiza de la monarquía española.
Beligerantes
Patriotas República del Perú República de Chile República de Colombia (Gran Colombia) Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata Provincia Libre de Guayaquil República de Bolívar Realistas Imperio español Reino de España Virreinato del Perú Provincia de Quito Provincia de Charcas Capitanía General de Chile Gobierno de Chiloé
Comandantes
PeruanosFrancisco Antonio de Zela José Angulo Mateo Pumacahua Toribio de Luzuriaga José de la Riva Agüero José Bernardo de Tagle Mariano Melgar ExtranjerosJosé de San Martín Simón Bolívar Lord Cochrane Manuel Blanco Encalada José Fernando de Abascal Joaquín de la Pezuela José de la Serna Mariano Osorio Melchor Aymerich Pedro Antonio Olañeta
Fuerzas en combate
Patriotas peruanos Ejército del Norte Ejército Unido Libertador Primera Escuadra Nacional de Chile Ejército Real del Perú
Unos 20.000 locales muertos en total.[1] Unos 12.000 españoles muertos o expulsados.[2]

[ocultar] Independencia del Perú   Levantamientos autónomosInsurrección de Tacna (1811) - Rebelión de Huánuco de 1812 - Rebelión de Tacna de 1813 - Rebelión del Cuzco de 1814 - Batalla de Chacaltaya - Batalla de la Apacheta - Batalla de Umachiri Corriente Libertadora del SurCampaña de Thomas Cochrane en el Pacífico - Desembarco en Paracas - Primera campaña de Arenales a la sierra del Perú - Batalla de Pasco - Captura de la Esmeralda - Pronunciamiento de Aznapuquio - Segunda campaña de Arenales a la sierra del Perú - Combate de Quiapata - Campaña de Miller a los puertos intermedios - Combate de Mirave - Primer sitio del Callao - Expedición Auxiliar de Santa Cruz a Quito - Batalla de Ica - Combate de Paras - Campaña de Alvarado a los puertos intermedios - Batalla de Torata - Batalla de Moquegua - Combate de Mito Corriente Libertadora del NorteMotín de Balconcillo - Campaña de Santa Cruz a los puertos intermedios - Batalla de Zepita - Combate de Arequipa - Combate de Alzuri - Expedición auxiliar de Roque Guruceta al Pacífico - Sublevación del Callao - Rebelión de Olañeta - Batalla de Junín - Combate de Bellavista - Batalla de Corpahuaico - Batalla de Ayacucho - Campaña de Sucre en el Alto Perú - Combate de Tumusla - Segundo sitio del Callao

La Independencia del Perú corresponde a toda una época de levantamientos y conflicto bélico que propició la independencia política y el surgimiento de la República Peruana como un estado independiente de la monarquía española, resultado de la ruptura política y del ocaso del Virreinato del Perú.Con la convergencia de diversas fuerzas liberadoras y la acción de sus propios hijos.

A lo largo del siglo XVIII, diversas fueron las manifestaciones indígenas respecto al trato de las autoridades coloniales, algunas de las cuales devinieron en auténticas rebeliones. La aplicación de las reformas borbónicas incrementó la desazón y la inconformidad tuvo su pico en la revolución de Túpac Amaru II, la cual desembocó en la represión de aquella revuelta aunque permaneció latente el germen del descontento indígena. Al acaecer las Abdicaciones de Bayona, diversos puntos de la América española crearon juntas autónomas de gobierno, sin pretender cambiar el orden colonial. Fue entonces que el virrey Abascal hizo del Ejército Real del Perú y del virreinato peruano la base de la contrarrevolución sobre el Alto Perú, Quito y Chile. Los primeras rebeliones autónomas peruanas surgieron desde 1811 en este contexto de descontento indígena y colaboración criolla con la revolución rioplatense.

En 1820, la Expedición Libertadora procedente de Chile desembarcó en el Perú bajo el mando del general José de San Martín. Éste proclamó en Lima la independencia del Estado peruano (1821) y bajo su Protectorado se formó el primer Congreso Constituyente del país. Retirado San Martín del país, el flamante Estado sostuvo una guerra contra los realistas de resultado incierto hasta 1824, año en que tuvieron lugar las campañas de Junín y Ayacucho bajo el mando del Libertador Simón Bolívar. La victoria de Ayacucho concluyó con la capitulación del ejército realista y puso fin al virreinato del Perú.

La independencia del Perú fue otro capítulo importante en las guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas. Finalmente en 1825 México consigue la capitulación del bastión español de San Juan de Ulúa en América del norte. Ése mismo año concluye la campaña de Sucre en el Alto Perú y seguidamente, en 1826, caen los reductos españoles del Callao y Chiloé en América del sur. España renuncia en 1836 a todos sus dominios continentales americanos.^[3]

Lo que hay que destacar son tres aspectos, en lo político se cortó la dependencia de España; en lo económico se mantuvo la dependencia de Europa y en lo social el despojo de tierras a indígenas se acentuó en la era republicana.^[4] "El empleado doméstico indígena fue tratado como un animal, incluso en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. [Hoy] contra este grupo se cometen abusos legales de manera cotidiana"^[5] La ciudadanía abierta en Perú se consiguió en el siglo XX.En pleno siglo XXI, se sigue luchando por una sociedad, genuinamente democrática, y, que sea posible: la plena garantía y el respeto de los derechos humanos.^[6]

(*John Michell accurately approximates the measurement of the smaller squares at 26.4” from whence:  “The dimensions of the whole figure can be calculated from the estimated length of one side of the little squares, 26.4 ft.” – How the World Is Made – The Story of Creation According to Sacred Geometry, John Michell (1933-2009) with Allan Brown (artist), Inner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont/Toronto, Canada, 2009 (Michell’s last work), p, 147.)

Please note there is ample room for two additional concentric circles (as well) beyond the confines of the crisscrossed larger square (the 8 x 8 square) – for a total of 6 concentric circles (all within the six aforementioned squares), as well as a total of 6 total rhombi).  My “skeletal drawing” is juxtaposed under the Bose/Andrews team drawings depicting these 18 objects in their symmetries – i.e., six “larger squares” + six concentric circles whose diameters equal the diameters of these six larger squares + six rhombi from the center out (all square rhombi) making the Sun-Star octagonal – 8 pointed star – and these objects as 6 + 6 + 6 = 18 (if you would – “transforming” the 666 – “the number of a man” into the New Jerusalem’s Standard of Measurement:  18 – via, in the main, a vast matrix of triangulations – three-sided objects, connoting the Triune God at work upon Man toward ultimate transformation/transfiguration into the Holy City, New Jerusalem.

One thing is most certain – the so-called “Sun-Star Group” is the most precise of all the Geoglyph in the world – if not the most precise.  Its extraordinary high degree of precision is remarkable in that when circular symbols are used (where continuous lines are not utilized), these circular designs are done with such a high degree of symmetry – suggesting as NazcaMystery.com does:  “Far better use of mathematics, meticulous and precise planning, measurements, and organization of the design and construction…one of the most precise ever found.”

You will notice that the Bose/Andrews platform is confined to the 8 by 8 (64) square (i.e., the “crisscrossed-at-the-corners square”) – they have not envisioned the two larger square perimeters beyond wherein the largest rhombus acts as the backdrop of the 8 x 8 square, making the Sun-Star octagonal in design – the rhombus makes it possible to place additional larger squares and circles (2 full 26.4’ x 26.4’ squares beyond the 8 x 8 square) which reach to the extremities/points of the largest rhombus which is clearly seen “behind” the “crisscrossed 8x8 square.”  All circles therein formed are within six squares.

Who Done it?

Resolving the mystery of the purpose of the Sun-Star at the close of this age – after so long a time (even Maria Reiche suggests beyond 1000 BC) – is the formidable challenge; yet, a challenge we affirm will be surmounted as we delve into the intricacies of this priceless antiquity etched upon the surface of the Earth.  We’re not saying “who done it” but we’re saying its geometry clearly reveals a marvelous picture of heavenly realities – whoever did it! 

Ancient Phoenicians with Hebrew partners from the time of Hiram, King of Tyre (for Solomon’s Temple was constructed around 970-964 BC), may have journeyed to this site in search of gold and silver in massive 200’ vessels (which date back four millennium BC) or the antediluvian sons of Seth may have journeyed here prior to the “breaking up of the deep” – both being familiar with these markings and measurements . . . but, again, we join the hosts who conjecture to whom belong these inscriptions? – Whereas, the question abides: Who will join us in declaring their wonderment?

Yes, “focusing and vergence” into this geometric autostereogram has occurred…consider and see for yourself if you cannot make out her features….for immediately, the dimensions of the 12 x 12 miniature squares whose dimensions are easily calculated at 26.4’ by 26.4’ are the precise “fractal” dimensions of the heavenly City, New Jerusalem, found in Revelation 21:16-17:

With this brevity behind us – may we, once again, highlight some (surely not all) of the profound meaning of these redundancies – the “Number sets which constitute the New Jerusalem Matrix” – which time and again draw attention to their divine purpose which lies within our grasp – i.e., these calculations and numeric marvels are meant to be understood – apprehended – by humankind for our admonition and instruction; to wit: 

Divine Number Sets – But a Few

3 (the Triune God); 6 (man, created on the sixth day); 7 (perfection); 8 (new beginning, life, resurrection; 9 (the “Ninth Ray” – the Sun of Righteousness); 12 (the dominant duodecimal of the New Jerusalem); 15 (the edge of the New Jerusalem’s 1,500 miles); 18 (the New Jerusalem Standard of Measurement found in its 12-edged cubed 18,000 miles); 24 (divine governance as in the 12 + 12 = 24 elders of the New Jerusalem); 27 (Messiah Revealed as in the 27 text of Christian Sacred Texts – i.e., the New Testament); 30 (Messiah’s age at the commencement of ministry; (33) Messiah “cut off” at age 33; 36 (the Eternal God as in a 360 degree circle – without beginning or ending); 45 (Second Coming of Messiah as in the 45 days between 1,290 days of desolation and 1,335 days of blessing – Daniel 12:11-12).

Also:  49 (the Work of the Spirit 7 * 7 = 49 and Zechariah 4); 51 (full revelation of God/Messiah in Sacred Text – Hebrew (24) and Christian (27) = 24 + 27 = 51); 52 (weeks in a year); 54 (as in 5040 = Plato’s Optimal Number of Societal Harmony or ultimate peace and justice under Messiah for humankind); 62 (as in 62 weeks – Messiah “cut off” – Daniel 9:26); 63 – ultimately 6 * 3 = 18 and 6 + 3 = 9; 66 (length of a furlong as in 660’); 69 (the sixty-nine weeks of Daniel’s prophecy; 70 (the seventy weeks of Daniel’s prophecy); 72 (the Name of God); 75 (the 75 days of found in Daniel 12 – 30 days of desolation + 45 days of blessing = 75 = the Sun of Righteousness ‘Arising’”); 77 (perfection of perfection); 81 (8 + 1 = 9 = Sun of Righteousness as 8 (new beginning) and as 1 = Divinity); 99 (as in the Full Manifestation of the Sun of Righteousness)– and as time perhaps we will perhaps highlight others like 144, 216, 432, 528, 756, 792, 864, 954, 1080, 3960, etc.

However, the “Messianic” calculations are more pronounced in the Palpa Sun-Star – for since the 27 Sacred Texts of Christian Scripture wholly identify the full revelation of the Messiah – i.e., the “27” repeatedly bestows His impress upon the Sun-Star in that each and every miniature of the 144 (1 + 4 + 4 = 9) squares brings to light that, though it be small, yet its measurements reflect the New Jerusalem.

Introduction to Sun-Star Metrologies:

After awhile, in that the abundance of “proofs” to these divine dimensions is so incredibly redundant, the skeptical – as well as brethren well-meaning – will fondly express their innate disgust with these configurations and determine that they are simply “there” and however you wish to interpret them is simply left to one’s own fancy and prejudice – “You can make anything somehow relate to what you want it to relate to… you can prove anything you wish by numbers” – the so-called critic is wont to “objectively pontificate” – since they are so well-aware of these matters of astronomy and the occult, let alone religious inquiry and the like – therefore, their “objectivity” is, unsurprisingly, rife with bogus intellectual drivel having little or no substance…examining these facts and deciphering their accountability would be the preferred approach – rather than sticking one’s nose in the air and wishing these absolutes had no meaning whatsoever … that way we could simply be done with it and move on to the more understandable things of life – thereby confirming their own ignorance and lack of inquiry in the first place!

The believer, on the other hand, finds disgust in apparent compromise by well-meaning brethren (me) who are “fooling around” with the “doctrine of demons” when they should be about the gospel’s prime message – and worse, to find credibility of spiritual merit with anything having to do with the Sacred Geometry community is “ganz verboten” – a surefire way of catching spiritual leprosy if there ever were one!

Sorry – I am dumbfounded by this sort of intellectually obscene expression of proprietary wisdom having little to do with the objective facts of the matter and their immensely spiritual ramifications having to do with the very purposes of God Almighty. 

Saying that perhaps “faith” must somehow take hold of us and that such “proofs” are purely coincidental or prejudicial and worthless surmisings – at best, stupefying happenstance – which ultimately succumbs to “pure faith” (whatever that is), is naught but a refusal to allow the Universal Mind that put all of this together to dwell in “unapproachable ambiguity” and suggest that by claiming the “high ground” of so-called “faith” makes the Designer and ultimate Geometer without reason and scientific scruples or both of us, the human and divine. 

No – a thousand times NO – reason, understanding and wisdom do not obviate faith – they confirm it … unless, of course, one wishes to dwell in their own ivory tower of intellectual wisdom achieved by their much learning and leave us with our childish faith – since, to them, God is beyond comprehension in any event, so why bother – after all, evolution and a host of other “disciplines” just “are” – don’t try to make “sense” of the facts – and so, the moronic twits who reason in these matters, like thousands of lemmings, march to the sea, fully assured of their own safety and gravitational certainty – confirmed that the Purposes of God were never meant for the creature to comprehend – dare you go any further to probe the inane depth of such a foolish statement and then claim that “faith” is your only recourse?

And, “horrors devour” (a play on words - French for hors d’oeuvres), isn’t “faith” nothing more than a system of manipulation – a means whereby religion controls people?  But of course, and certainly the objectivity of science has no hidden agenda whereby its “clergy” of brainiacs have no intention, not only to do the very same, but have so much pleasure in doing so!  After all – we’ve got to keep them government grants flowing into our “research” – deprecating or at least wholly separating science from religion is a safe bet to keep the barbarian hoards of religious bigotry from playing with our funding…yes, whoever thought that one up is truly found among the brainiacs!

I wish you well – but for them who affirm that the Almighty has given us a multitude of gifts, as well as a brain, including and foremost His Word, and confirmed them throughout His Earth in a host of, in this case, antiquities – then follow me…we’re having too much fun in this discovery!

THE MYSTERY OF THE 144-SQUARE PLATFORM/LARGE PERIMETER SQUARES, RHOMBI/TRIANGLES AND THE CIRCLES

We have observed in our deliberations that there are 6 circles, 6 larger squares (in this section we will discuss) and there are 6 rhombi “allowed in the Sun-Star” – or 6 + 6 + 6 = “18!”  This is a rather obvious but heretofore unseen geometric reality of the Sun-Star and most noteworthy. 

Likewise, we have discovered that 18 x 144 = 2592 and that this 2592 is a fractal of the 25,920 years of the Great Precessional or the Mazzaroth/Zodiac mentioned in Job 28:32.  That the designers of the Peruvian Sun-Star had the Zodiac/Mazzaroth in view when they designed it, we are left only to surmise…it would appear that they did – but, go ahead, criticize this conjecture if you would; however, it is not beyond the pale of human reason.

We will now discuss the six large squares (with a review/intro. of the 144 squares) – their length, area, numbers in each square, their cubic measurements and the “cubed 12-edge” measurements and their inter-relatedness. 

Also – since the six large squares are made up of 144 squares, we instantly recognize that the 144 triangles created by the six rhombi insofar as “objects” concern (i.e., squares vs. triangles) are comparable/exact in number of objects and that 144 + 144 = 288 and 2 + 8 + 8 = “18” and that together they constitute the “18” New Jerusalem Standard of Measurement.

THE SMALLEST SQUARE – ONE OF THE 144 SQUARES

Linear Measurements in Feet and Inches

We must first calculate each smaller square of the 144

Total smaller squares:  144

Each Smaller Square of the 144’s in length/height/width = 26.4’ (one edge)

26.4’ = 2 + 6 + 4 = “12” – The “Duodecimal System” dominates

“12” is one of the Two Cardinal Numbers of the New Jerusalem (7 the other)

In Inches:  26.4’ * 12” = 316.8” = 3 + 1 + 6 + 8 = “18”

Perimeter of a small 144 square = 26.4’ x 4 = 105.6’ = 1 + 5 + 6 = 12

In Inches: 105.6’ * 12” = 1,267.2” = 18 New Jerusalem Standard

Cubing one of the 144 squares

Perimeter of 12 Edges of one Small Cube/Square in Feet/Inches

105.6’ (4 edges) * 3 (12 edges) = 316.8’ = 3 + 1 + 6 + 8 = 18 New Jerusalem

Please Note:  3168 is a fractal of the four-square perimeter of the New Jerusalem as in…12,000 furlongs * 660’ (one furlong) = 7,920,000’ * 4 = 31,680,000’ or 3168

In Inches:  316.8’ * 12” = 3,801.6” = 3 + 8 + 1 + 6 = 18 New Jerusalem

Area of one Small Cube/Square

One Face:  26.4’ * 26.4’ = 696.96 sq. feet = 6 + 9 + 6 + 9 + 6 = 36 Eternal God

696.96 sq. feet * 144 (sq. in. in 1 sq. ft.) = 10,362.24 sq. in. = 18 New Jerusalem

Six-Faced Cube:  696.96 sq. feet * 6 (faces – full sm. Sq. area)= 4,181.76 sq. feet =

4 + 1 + 8 + 1 + 7 + 6 = 27 = Messiah Revealed in 27 Sacred Christian Text

In Inches:  4,181.76 sq. ft. * 144 sq. in. = 602,173.44 sq. in. (6 faces) =

27 Messiah Revealed

Volume/Capacity/Cubic Measurement of 1 of the 144 Squares

26.4’ x 26.4’ x 26.4’ = 18,399.744 Cubic Feet in One of 144 Squares

1 + 8 + 3 + 9 + 9 + 7 + 4 + 4 = 45 = Second Coming of Messiah

(12x12x12=1,728 cubic inches in 1 cubic foot)

18,399.744 Cubic Feet * 1,728 Cu. In. = 31,742,917.632 Cubic Inches

3 + 1 + 7 + 4 + 2 + 9 + 1 + 7 + 6 + 3 + 2 = 45 Second Coming of Messiah

Conclusion:

1 of 144 Squares Whose Edge is 26.4’….

12, 18, 27, 36, 45 Dominates Each and Every one of the 144 Squares

The Dominance of “12” and the 18 of the New Jerusalem as well as

Messiah Revealed (27) and His Coming Again (45) with the

Eternal God (36) over All – indeed…

Diagonals of the Smallest 26.4’ x 26.4’ Square

37.224’ = 18 = New Jerusalem Standard of Measurement

In Inches:  37.224’ * 12 = 446.688” = 36 = the Eternal God and

1 + 8 = 9 and 3 + 6 = 9 = Sun of Righteousness

“Crisscrossed Diagonals” (typical of the Sun-Star) = 37.224’ * 2 = 74,448’ = 27 = Messiah Revealed or 2 + 7 = 9 Sun of Righteousness

In Inches:  74,448’ * 12 = 893.376” = 36 = the Eternal God

3 + 6 = 9 = Sun of Righteousness

27 + 36 = 63 = 6 + 3 = 9 = Sun of Righteousness

Cubed-Three Dimensional Crisscrossing (4 each diagonals)

74,448’ * 2 = 148,896’ = 36 = Eternal God or 3 + 6 = 9 = Sun of Righteousness

In Inches: 148,896’ * 12 = 1,786,752” = 36 = Eternal God or 3 + 6 = 9 = Sun of Righteousness

Again, below we capture in “skeleton form” all “18” of the 6 Circles, 6 Larger Squares and 6 Rhombi and the “144 square platform” of the Sun-Star:

As one can readily observe – the intricacies of the Palpa Sun-star when “expanded to its logical geometric extensions” – i.e., upon a platform of 144 squares, each with dimensions of 26.4’ x 26.4’ and 12 x 12 such square blocks on each side of the platform – the initial and observable circles (some say two, others three and some say even four) and the initial and observable rhombi (again, some say two, some say three, etc.) and the observable “larger squares” – especially, the ‘crisscrossed ones” (again, some say two, some three and some four perimeter type “larger squares”) – along with commensurate triangles and a multiplicity of polygons – makes the Peruvian Sun-Star a kaleidoscope of fascinating objects all wrapped into one stunning geometric configuration – utterly superb in its “design potential” both “as it” and its logical geometric extrapolations.