Troyes Cathedral

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Troyes Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul de Troyes) is a Catholic church, dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul, located in the town of Troyes in Champagne, France. It is the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Troyes. The cathedral, in the Gothic architectural style, has been a listed monument historique since 1862.

Quick Facts Troyes Cathedral Cathédrale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul, Religion ...

Troyes Cathedral Cathédrale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul
West front of Troyes Cathedral
Religion
Affiliation	Catholic Church
District	Diocese of Troyes
Rite	Latin
Ecclesiastical or organizational status	Cathedral
Location
Location	Troyes, France
Geographic coordinates	48°18′1″N 4°4′53″E
Architecture
Type	Church
Style	Gothic
Groundbreaking	1208
Completed	17th century

History

Earlier cathedrals

According to local church tradition, Christianity was carried to Troyes in the third century by the Bishop of Sens, Savinien, who sent Saint Potentien and Saint Sérotin to the town to establish the first church. The house where they lived is believed to have stood on the same site as the cathedral; and excavations in the 19th century found traces of Gallo-Roman building under the sanctuary. A 5th-century bishop of Troyes, Lupus was credited with saving Troyes from destruction by Huns by leading a delegation of clerics to appeal to Attila, in 451. An enamel of Lupus healing a deaf young woman is displayed in the cathedral; the old cathedral is visible in the background.

The first church was rebuilt and enlarged in the 9th century, but it was badly damaged by the Norman invasions at the end of the same century. It was rebuilt by Bishop Milo through about 980 in the Romanesque style. Fragments of the sculptural decoration of this old church were found in 1864 and are displayed in the south collateral aisle of the present church.

In the 12th century, the Romanesque church was enlarged with the addition of a bell tower and a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The church was the site of the Council of Troyes that opened on 13 January 1129, hosted by Pope Honorius II. At the urging of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the Council granted official status to the Order of the Knights Templar, which became immensely influential throughout Christendom.

An enamel of Lupus of Troyes, a 5th-century bishop, healing a deaf woman. The old Cathedral is visible in the background.
The Council of Troyes grants official status to Order of the Knights Templar (1129)

Gothic cathedral

In 1188 a fire destroyed much of the town, and badly damaged the cathedral. Reconstruction began in 1199 or 1200, started by Bishop Garnier de Traînel. Once the construction was underway, the Bishop departed on the Fourth Crusade in 1204, and brought back to Troyes a collection of precious relics for the cathedral treasury.

The new church was constructed in the Early Gothic style, inspired by the earlier Basilica of Saint Denis and Sens Cathedral, and by Chartres Cathedral and Notre Dame de Paris, which both were under construction at the same time. Work was well along by 1220 when the lower portions were completed and the upper walls were begun. Unfortunately, in 1228 a hurricane struck the half-finished structure, destroying the lower collateral aisle on the south side of the choir and damaging the upper walls. The upper walls were rebuilt between 1235 and 1240, and the builders took advantage of the extra time to adopt a more modern element first used at the Basilica of Saint-Denis; they filled the walls of the triforium, at the midlevel of the wall, with stained glass, bringing an abundance of light into the middle of the church.

The transept was finally vaulted in about 1310, and the spire was raised over the transept, but due to a series of economic difficulties, work slowed down. In 1365 a tornado destroyed the spire of the transept; it was not restored until 1437. More seriously, in 1389 the roof of the nave was struck by lightning, starting a fire that damaged the masonry below. This led in 1390 to the collapse of the rose window of the north transept. The rose was replaced and reinforced in 1408–9, but forty years later again showed signs of weakness. It was reinforced with a stone bar, and the portals were reinforced with new buttresses. Work resumed in 1450 under Bishop Louis Reguier, who worked to complete the upper portions of the nave.

Flamboyant and Renaissance additions (15th–17th century)

In May 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was signed in the cathedral between Henry V of England, his ally Philip of Burgundy and Queen Isabel, wife of the mad Charles VI of France whereby the throne of France would pass to Henry on the death of Charles rather than to Charles' son the Dauphin. Henry married Catherine of Valois, the French king's daughter, shortly afterwards in Troyes, either at the cathedral or the church of St Jean.

In July 1429, Joan of Arc escorted the Dauphin to Mass in the cathedral en route to proclaiming him Charles VII of France at Reims Cathedral, in contravention of the recently signed Treaty of Troyes.

At the beginning of the 16th century, a new building campaign began, this time in the late Gothic Flamboyant style. It was conducted by the master builder Martin Chambiges, whose works included the transepts of Sens Cathedral (1494), Beauvais Cathedral (1499) and Senlis Cathedral (1530). The new west front he designed followed the model of Reims Cathedral and other 13th century cathedrals, with three portals separated by strong buttresses, each topped by a high pointed arch.

The first level of the west front was finished by 1531–1432. The 12th-century bell tower and porch was demolished. The two levels were complete by 1554, and work began on the towers. Work on the north tower, called the Saint-Pierre tower, went slowly; it was not finished until 1634, and had just two of the smaller clochetons or steeples on the top corners instead of the four planned. The planned south tower was never started.

Troyes Cathedral in 1634

Vandalism and preservation (19th–20th century)

The cathedral suffered major damage during the French Revolution. The west front was particularly targeted; the sculptures that filled the tympanum over each portal were smashed. The lower stained glass windows in the choir were destroyed or taken apart. Fortunately, many of the upper windows were spared and still have their original glass. On January 9–10, 1794, a jeweller named Rondot led a mob that looted the treasury, seizing and melting down the previous gold and silver sacred objects.

During the rest of the 19th and 20th centuries, the cathedral underwent several campaigns of restoration. In 1840 the wall of the south transept, built on an unstable foundation, had to be reinforced to prevent it from collapsing, and between 1849 and 1866 all of the walls on the east side and then the pillars of the choir were reinforced. Many of the 13th-century windows were restored and put back into place. During both the First and Second World Wars, the stained glass was removed and put into safe storage, and the building suffered no significant harm. Restoration and repair of the west facade continued into the 21st century.

Plans and dimensions

Elevations
Plan of the cathedral
Flying buttress, drawn by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

The cathedral, containing the nave, choir and apse with radiating chapels, has two principal aisles and two further subsidiary aisles. It is 114 metres (379 feet 6 inches) long and 50 metres (162 feet 6 inches) wide (across the transepts), with a height from the top of the vault of 29.5 metres (96 feet); the height of the cupola and the tower is 62.34 metres (202 feet 7 inches). The surface area of 1,500 m² (16,000 sq. ft.),

Exterior

West Front

Upper west front, over the central portal
The west front and north tower
The full west front

The west front of the cathedral, with the three portals which serve as main entrances, was almost entirely redone beginning in 1507 in the Flamboyant style by master builder Martin Chambiges. It is divided into vertical sections containing the portals by four massive vertical buttresses and covered with elaborate arcades and tracery. Each of the three portals is crowned by a high pointed gable. The gable over the central portal originally held statues of the Virgin Mary, Saint John and Saint Mary Madeleine. An immense flamboyant rose window fills the space over the central portal. On top of the rose window, interrupting the balustrade, is the coat of arms of the city of Troyes

The west front suffered the most damage during the Revolution. The tympanum over the central entrance, which originally contained scenes from the Passion of Christ is bare; the statuary was smashed. The voussures and embracements that frame the portals preserve the original lavish vegetal decoration. The many niches and galleries on the west front contained statues, which were also destroyed, though the fleur-de-lis royal emblems on the balustrades remain. The sculpture of the tympanums of the north and south portals originally celebrated the lives of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, the two patron saints of the cathedral. These were also destroyed during the Revolution.

The north and only tower, finished in 1634, is built in a more classical Renaissance style. It has two narrow windows on each side, between the supporting buttresses. each side, and decoration of slender columns. The top has a balustrade with two cupolas. An arch was planned to connect the two towers, and its foundation was built, but the south tower was never constructed.

North and south sides and transepts

The north transept
The north transept rose window (early 15th century) with a stone bar added to secure it.
The south side and transept. The chapter house is to the right of the transept.

The north and south walls of the cathedral are supported by high flying buttresses, given additional weight by stone pinnacles. The walls are divided midway by the north and south transepts. The space between the buttresses is almost entirely filled by small chapels, lower than the central vessel of the nave and choir. A balustrade connects the roofs of the chapels, and another balustrade runs along the edge of the upper wall, at the base of the roof. The tracery of high windows and of the chapels, especially those closer to the west end of the cathedral, is flamboyant and elaborate, while the tracery toward the east end, built in the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, is simpler.

Midway along the sides are the two transepts, which protrude just beyond the chapels on either side of them. They were built in the 13th century, and each was originally decorated with sculpture in the tympanum, and in the voussures of the arches over the portals. The south portal sculpture depicted the Last Judgement and Apocalypse. The transept sculpture, like that of the west front, was destroyed during the Revolution. A few pieces are preserved in the Musée des beaux-arts de Troyes.

The north transept underwent major rebuilding. The buttresses with pinnacles were added in the 15th century, along with lancet and quadrafoil windows in the triforium, or middle level. and a balustrade with ornament representing the keys of Saint Peter. The original rose window of the transept fell in 1390, and was replaced with a Rayonnant window in the early 15th century. Later in the same century, a vertical stone bar was placed in front of the rose window to secure it.

The original south transept from the 13th century collapsed and was entirely rebuilt between 1841 and 1844. The rose window was made identical to that in the north facade, and the decoration was simplified.

Su Orden del Císter[editar]

Abad del Císter[editar]

Artículo principal: Orden del Císter

A los 23 años, en el año 1113, ingresó en la Orden del Císter. Dos años después, Esteban Harding, el abad de Císter, le envió a fundar una de las primeras fundaciones cistercienses, el monasterio de Claraval, del que fue designado abad, puesto que ocupó hasta el final de su vida.

La orden, entonces, estaba en formación. Esteban Harding era el tercer abad que tenía la orden, y en 1119 dotó al Císter de una regla propia, la Carta de caridad, en la que se establecían las normas comunitarias de total pobreza, de obediencia a los obispos y de dedicación al culto divino con dejación de las ciencias profanas.

Bernardo participó personalmente en la formación del espíritu cisterciense y fue el artífice de la gran difusión de la orden cisterciense, pasando del único monasterio cuando ingresó a 343 cuando murió, de los que 168 pertenecían a la filiación de Claraval y 68 fueron fundados por él mismo.³⁶

La enorme influencia que alcanzaron los cistercienses se debió a Bernardo que trascendió ampliamente a la orden.³⁷ Ha sido la figura más destacada de la Orden y es venerado como fundador.²⁸

Císter fue una concepción de la vida monástica medieval totalmente distinta a Cluny. La regla cisterciense era, en la práctica, una crítica de la de Cluny.³⁶ Esta crítica a los cluniacenses, la concretó Bernardo en 1124, en su escrito Apología a Guillermo:

La iglesia relumbra por todas partes, pero los pobres tienen hambre. Los muros de la iglesia están cubiertos de oro, pero los hijos de la iglesia siguen desnudos. Por Dios, ya que no os avergonzáis de tantas estupideces, lamentad al menos tantos gastos.

Apología a Guillermo⁸

A partir de la Apología a Guillermo, la regla cisterciense apareció como una reacción contra los excesos cluniacenses.³⁸ Si durante el siglo xi los monjes cluniacenses habían asumido un gran protagonismo dentro de la iglesia, ocupando sus más altos cargos y ejerciendo su influencia sobre el poder civil, en el siglo xii ese papel les correspondió desempeñarlo a los cistercienses.

Inspirador de la arquitectura cisterciense[editar]

Artículo principal: Arte cisterciense

Claustro de la abadía de Fontenay

Su Apología a Guillermo estableció también los criterios teóricos que luego se emplearían en la construcción de todas las abadías cistercienses. En este escrito, Bernardo criticó duramente la escultura, la pintura, los adornos y las dimensiones excesivas de las Iglesias de los cluniacenses. Partiendo del espíritu cisterciense de pobreza y ascetismo riguroso, llegó a la conclusión de que sus monjes, que habían renunciado a las bondades del mundo, no precisaban de nada de esto para reflexionar en la ley de Dios. La crítica la desplegó sobre dos ejes. En primer lugar, la pobreza voluntaria: las esculturas y adornos eran un gasto inútil: despilfarran el pan de los pobres. En segundo lugar, rechazaba también las imágenes porque distraían la atención de los monjes, los apartaban de encontrar a Dios a través de la Escritura.

Cuando, en 1135, tenían unas 90 abadías y aumentaban a un ritmo de 10 nuevas por año, Bernardo debió pensar que la orden estaba consolidada y con un crecimiento desmedido siendo urgente un modelo de abadía que garantizase la uniformidad de la Orden. También debió reflexionar que la orden no podía seguir con las efímeras construcciones de madera y adobe, precisando monasterios en piedra que sirviesen a las generaciones futuras de monjes.

Ello lo concretó en la construcción en piedra de las dos primeras abadías, Claraval II (a partir de 1135) y Fontenay (comenzada en 1137), que se construyeron de forma simultánea. En las dos intervino de forma decisiva, ya que de Claraval era su abad y Fontenay era filial suya. Él fue el inspirador de ambas construcciones y de sus soluciones formales. Para él, la arquitectura cisterciense debía reflejar el ascetismo y la pobreza absoluta llevada hasta un desposeimiento total que practicaban a diario y que constituía el espíritu del Císter. Así terminó definiendo una estética de simplificación y desnudez que pretendía transmitir los ideales de la orden: silencio, contemplación, ascetismo y pobreza.

Estas primeras abadías se construyeron en estilo románico borgoñés, que había alcanzado toda su plenitud: (bóveda de cañón apuntada y bóveda de arista). Posteriormente, cuando en 1140, surgió el estilo gótico en la benedictina abadía de san Denis, los cistercienses aceptaron rápidamente algunos conceptos del nuevo estilo y empezaron a construir en los dos estilos, siendo frecuentes las abadías donde conviven dependencias románicas y góticas de la misma época. Con el paso del tiempo, el románico se abandonó.

Al prescindir de todo lo superfluo, el estilo cisterciense consiguió unos espacios desnudos, conceptuales y originales que lo hace plenamente identificable.

Influencia en el papa cisterciense Eugenio III[editar]

Eugenio III era hijo espiritual de Bernardo.³⁹ Como se ha explicado, antes de ser elegido papa, estuvo 10 años en Claraval siendo monje bajo la autoridad espiritual de su abad Bernardo. Después, durante otros 5 años, fue abad de un monasterio filial de Claraval, por lo tanto, seguía manteniendo esa relación de dependencia espiritual.

Ya siendo papa, mantenían frecuente correspondencia entre ellos, pidiéndole Eugenio, que le escribiera un tratado sobre las obligaciones de ser papa. El abad así lo hizo y escribió el tratado De Consideratione en 5 libros. El primero lo escribió en 1149, el segundo en 1150, el tercero después del desastre de la cruzada en 1152 y los dos últimos a continuación.⁴⁰ Es su tratado más conocido y aunque lo escribió para el papa Eugenio, en la práctica, lo estaba haciendo también para todos los papas posteriores.⁴¹ De hecho, se conoce la importancia que muchos papas han dado a este texto.

Bernardo seguía sintiéndose su padre espiritual, así lo manifestó repetidamente en el prólogo de De Consideratione: «el amor que os profeso no os considera como Señor, os reconoce por hijo suyo entre las insignias y el esplendor de vuestra excelsa dignidad...Os amé cuando eras pobre, igual os he de amar hecho padre de los pobres y de los ricos. Porque bien os conozco, no por haber sido hecho padre de los pobres dejáis de ser pobre de espíritu».⁴²

En este escrito, insiste en la necesidad de la vida interior y de la oración para aquellos que tienen las mayores responsabilidades de la Iglesia. Escribió sobre el peligro de dejarse llevar por los asuntos de Estado y descuidar la oración y las realidades de lo alto.⁴³

Sobre los poderes del papa, le escribió defendiendo la supremacía del poder espiritual y el derecho de la Iglesia a emplear los ejércitos seglares⁴⁴ Se basaba en las palabras que los apóstoles dijeron a Jesús cuando lo apresaron, recogidas en el Evangelio de san Lucas, que él interpretó para fundamentar de nuevo «la doctrina de las dos espadas», presente en el pensamiento cristiano desde los inicios de la Edad Media:⁴⁵

Si la espada material no perteneciese a la Iglesia, el Señor no habría replicado «Es bastante» a los apóstoles cuando le dijeron «Aquí hay dos espadas», sino «Es demasiado». Por tanto, de la Iglesia son la espada espiritual y la espada material, pero esta ha de ser manejada para la Iglesia, y aquella, por la Iglesia.

De consideratione

También le escribió que el poder del papa no es ilimitado:

Yerras si, como creo, piensas que tu poder apostólico es el único instituido por Dios (dice el apóstol:) «No hay poder que no proceda de Dios...Todos han de estar sometidos a las autoridades superiores». No dice «la autoridad superior», como si se refiriese a una, sino «las autoridades superiores», como si se refiriese a varias. Por tanto, tu poder no es el único que procede de Dios, también proceden de «Él», el poder de los medianos y de los pequeños.

De consideratione⁴⁶

Estaba convencido de que todos los cargos de la Iglesia procedían directamente de Dios y así lo escribió al papa:

Reflexiona que la santa Iglesia romana no es la señora, sino la madre de las iglesias. Vos no sois el señor de los obispos, sino uno de ellos.

De consideratione⁴⁷